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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Field performance of sand-coated (Conniflex (R)) Norway spruce seedlings planted in mounds made by continuously advancing mounder and in undisturbed soil

    Luoranen, JaanaLaine, TiinaSaksa, Timo
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) is among the worst pests of newly planted conifer seedlings in Europe. EU regulations restrict the use of insecticides, the cost of mechanical site preparation (MSP) is high, and it has even been suggested that MSP should be abandoned due to social and environmental causes. The aim of this study was to investigate i) the field performance of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings planted in mounds made by a continuously advancing mounder (CAM) and in undisturbed soil in southern Finland, and ii) how well the physical barrier (Conniflex (R) sand coating) prevented pine weevil damage compared to insecticide-applied and unprotected seedlings. The quality of CAM was generally at an acceptable level. After two growing seasons, mortality, mainly caused by pine weevils, was higher and growth lower in unprotected seedlings than in Conniflex-coated or insecticide-treated seedlings. Mortality was also higher and growth lower in undisturbed soil than in mounds. Even though the quality of soil preparation after CAM was quite good, planting Norway spruce seedlings without any protection could not guarantee a successful planting result (> 1500 seedlings ha(-1)). Conniflex coating and insecticide treatment provided equal protection against serious pine weevil damage.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Removal of non-native trees fosters but alone is insufficient for forest regeneration in Hawai'i

    Nerfa, LaurenHastings, ZoeTsuneyoshi, AmyKawelo, Kapua...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Across the globe, non-native plant species have become abundant in many tropical forests, resulting in altered patterns of biological diversity and species composition, and impacting important ecosystem functions. However, long-term experimental research on the efficacy of non-native tree removal for tropical forest restoration remains limited. We investigated the removal of non-native tree species in a mesic tropical forest in Hawai'i, where rates of endemism and endangerment of plant species is high and multiple non-native tree species are abundant. As a collaboration between resource managers and researchers, we tested the effects of non-native tree removal on overstory and understory metrics of restoration using three restoration approaches: "total cut " (cutting all non-native trees); "girdle " (girdle of all non-native trees); and "selective cut " (cutting approximately 50% of nonnative trees). Prior to removal, we established permanent plots (four 10 x 10 m plots per restoration treatment, with 10 1 x 1 m subplots in each), then monitored them over 10 years. Across all treatments, canopy openness increased significantly post restoration, peaked after three years, then decreased to pre-treatment levels or lower. The increase was largest for the total cut treatment, but there was large variation within treatments. By the end of the experiment, the total cut and girdle treatments performed similarly for all our metrics of restoration, including survival, growth, density, and basal area of native trees; density and richness of native species in the understory; and total weed biomass. The selective treatment performed worse, showing lower relative gains in basal area of native trees and density of native understory individuals. Overall, tree removal was effective in restoring a native canopy. However, understory native species richness and density remained at pre-treatment levels, likely due to limited seed dispersal, seed predation by non-native rodents, and continued competition from non-native herbaceous species. Nonetheless, subplots with the best starting conditions performed the best. More intensive and longer-term weeding of non-native species in the understory, focused on areas with the best starting conditions and combined with out-planting of native seeds, seedlings and/or saplings, is likely necessary to foster effective native species regeneration. Overall, our research shows that removal of non-native trees using the total cut and girdle techniques can foster native forest restoration in the mesic forests of HawaiModified Letter Turned Commai, but that ongoing long-term management in the understory is critical.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Is European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) a suitable substitute for Norway (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) for land afforestation?

    Zeidler, AlesVacek, ZdenekCukor, JanBoruvka, Vlastimil...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) is one of the most economically important European coniferous species. With the expected decline of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), the importance of this tree species may increase in the afforestation of new areas and subsequent CO2 fixation in the context of climate change mitigation if its wood production and quality relative to spruce is high enough. This study aims to assess the suitability of larch for afforestation of former agricultural land compared to spruce, not only in regards to production and stand structure, but also the quality of the wood produced - wood density, shrinkage, and compression strength. The monospecific stands and wood of both species from afforested agricultural land were compared with original forest land in the Orlicke & nbsp;hory Mountains (Czech Republic) based on 24 measured research plots, and 598 trees. The biomass of larch stands aged 66-71 years was significantly higher on agricultural land (506 t ha(-1)) compared to forest land (399 t ha(-1)), similar to spruce (508 vs. 314 t ha(-1)), with no difference between tree species detected. By contrast, larch stands achieved higher structural differentiation and complex diversity when compared to spruce, especially on forest land. For both species, the stands on forest land also showed a lower proportion of stem rot (32%) compared to agricultural land (67%). Primarily, lower (by 10%) incidence of parasitic fungal infestation of larch was observed compared to spruce. Regarding wood quality, a significant effect of land use on wood density was confirmed for both species. Larch is therefore clearly a suitable alternative to spruce for the afforestation of former agricultural land without impact on fungal pathogens and deterioration of wood quality. Moreover, larch and spruce stands on afforested agricultural land have a high production potential and biomass carbon sequestration (by +45% on average) compared to forest land.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Long-term demographic changes of deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) populations in a forest landscape with cumulative clearcutting

    Sullivan, Thomas P.Sullivan, Druscilla S.
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：The deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) is a generalist species and is widespread among the various early successional forest habitats associated with post-clearcut landscapes. Deer mice seem to occupy clearcuts more than undisturbed late successional forest, at least for abundance, because harvested sites apparently act as dispersal sinks. We investigated the responses in abundance of P. maniculatus populations to cumulative clear cutting of coniferous forests on a landscape that had four independent clearcutting events (Periods 1 to 4) over a 42-year interval from 1979 to 2020 in south-central British Columbia, Canada. We tested three hypotheses (H) that populations of P. maniculatus would (H-1) increase in abundance owing to the ongoing availability of early seral post-harvest habitats associated with cumulative clearcutting; (H-2) have higher mean abundance, reproduction, and survival in clearcut than forest sites owing to greater food resources; and (H3) occupy clearcut sites as dispersal sinks thereby having lower adult body mass (a proximate measure of condition) and reduced reproductive output than in forest sites.& nbsp;Mean annual abundance of P. maniculatus was highest and similar in Periods 2 and 4 with comparable numbers in Period 1 for the first four post-harvest years of these clearcutting periods. This pattern did not support H1 that P. maniculatus would increase in abundance associated with cumulative clearcutting over the 42-year period. Deer mouse populations reached relatively high densities (range of 23 to 53 per ha) on clearcut sites and these irruptions were likely related to supply of lodgepole pine seed from cones in logging debris. Overall mean abundance of P. maniculatus ranged from 1.4 to 3.6 times higher in clearcut than forest sites, thereby supporting the abundance part of H-2. Recruitment, number of successful pregnancies, and breeding young-of-the-year deer mice were all higher in clearcut than forest sites, thereby supporting the reproduction part of H-2. However, equivocal measures of overall survival did not support this hypothesis. The general similarity in mean body mass of adult mice between treatment sites and higher reproductive output in clearcut than forest sites did not support H3 that clearcut sites would act as dispersal sinks for deer mice. This study is the first to measure the long-term demographic responses of deer mice to cumulative clearcutting over a coniferous forest landscape. Clearcut sites may provide high-quality habitat for deer mice in this forest landscape.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The short-term and long-term effects of honeysuckle removal on canopy structure and implications for urban forest management

    Fotis, AlexanderFlower, Charles E.Atkins, Jeff W.Pinchot, Cornelia C....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Riparian forests across the continental United States are heavily invaded by Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii (Rupr.)), an invasive shrub which suppresses native plants, homogenizes community structure and composition, and alters ecosystem processes. However, no studies have quantified the impacts of honeysuckle removal on forest canopy structure across the first decade of restoration. In this study we used a portable canopy LiDAR (PCL) to characterize the immediate (<1 year), short-term (1-2 years) and long-term (>10 years) impacts of honeysuckle removal on the horizontal and vertical complexity of canopy structure in 5 heavily invaded riparian forests in Ohio. Within two years of removal, forest canopies had a 40% reduction in canopy leaf volume, a greater average height of maximum canopy density, and increased aggregation of the remaining leaf area around trees than pre-removal conditions. Honeysuckle removal also prompted long-term (>10 years) increases in canopy structural complexity, but only in areas with initially high honeysuckle abundance and low native tree density. Honeysuckle cover had a much stronger influence on canopy structure than either its basal area or stem density. Our results suggest that removing honeysuckle from heavily-invaded stands can promote complex canopy structure over the long-term that is beyond the short-term accrual immediately following disturbance, but might depend on initial stand conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Experimental throughfall reduction has little effect on shoot and needle developmental patterns or leaf area dynamics in a young longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantation

    Mendonca, Caren C.Samuelson, Lisa J.Aspinwall, Michael J.
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Reduced precipitation and, consequently, low soil moisture are known to limit tree growth and function by affecting shoot and foliage development, as well as canopy-scale leaf area dynamics and litterfall. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) is considered one of the most drought-resistant forest species in the southeastern U.S. and could serve as a pathway to increase drought resistance of forests in the region. Still, reduced precipitation and low soil moisture impacts on longleaf canopy phenology and growth are not well understood. Over three years (2017-2019), we determined the effects of a 40% throughfall reduction (TR40) (relative to ambient throughfall treatment, TR0) on shoot and foliage phenology and growth in a young (12-14 yr. old) longleaf pine plantation. Each year, we repeatedly measured shoot and needle lengths on primary and secondary branch axes of multiple trees in each treatment plot. We fit growth curves for each tree and branch axis to estimate shoot and needle growth rate, growth start and cessation dates, growth duration (growth start - growth cessation), and final shoot and needle lengths. At the plot level, we documented temporal patterns of leaf area index (LAI) and litterfall to determine whether branch-scale phenological and growth responses to reduced water availability corresponded with temporal changes in LAI and litterfall. We observed significant and consistent differences in shoot and needle elongation patterns between primary and secondary branches. Timing of needle development varied among years and was generally later each successive year. However, shoot elongation patterns were relatively consistent across years. Although soil moisture was lower under throughfall reduction, shoot and needle growth patterns were not affected. LAI and litterfall patterns were also not affected by throughfall reduction. Our results indicate that reductions in rainfall amount (without changes in rainfall frequency or timing) may have little impact on shoot and needle phenology, canopy development, and litter production in established longleaf plantations.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Long-term effects of prescribed fire on large tree growth in mixed conifer forests at Lassen Volcanic National Park, California

    Wenderott, ZacharyMantgem, Phillip J. vanWright, Micah C.Farris, Calvin A....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Prescribed fire in dry coniferous forests of the western U.S. is used to reduce fire hazards. How large, old trees respond to these treatments is an important management consideration. Growth is a key indicator of residual tree condition, which can be predictive of mortality and response to future disturbance. Using a combination of long-term plot records and dendrochronological samples, we analyzed the effects of prescribed fire treatments from the early 1990 s on forest structure and individual tree growth in mixed-conifer forests of Lassen Volcanic Na-tional Park in northern California. Prescribed fire reduced stand live tree basal area and stem density at our sites up to 10 years following fire. Within two prescribed fire burn units and two adjacent unburned stands, we analyzed tree cores from 136 large (mean stem diameter > 70 cm) yellow pine (Pinus jeffreyi and P. ponderosa) and 136 large (mean stem diameter > 50 cm) white fir (Abies concolor). After accounting for annual precipitation, basal area increment for individual trees initially declined up to < 3 years post-fire for white fir and > 10 years post-fire for yellow pine, presumably in response to tree injuries. Growth improved for both species at a site that was burned twice, particularly for white fir. Recent average basal area increment was positively related to crown ratio and negatively associated with an index of local competition. Our findings suggest that forest management, such as prescribed fire and mechanical thinning, may be beneficial in terms of maintaining or improving tree growth among large residual trees. However, managers may want to balance the benefits of these treatments against inadvertent injury and mortality of large trees.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Mid-term effects of wildfire and salvage logging on gross and net soil nitrogen transformation rates in a Swedish boreal forest

    Gundale, M. J.Ibanez, T. S.Rutting, T.Nilsson, M-C....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Wildfires are natural and important disturbances of boreal forest ecosystems, and they are expected to increase in parts of the boreal zone through climate warming. There is a broad understanding of the immediate effects of fire on soil nitrogen (N) transformation rates, but less is known about these effects several years after fire. In July 2014, a large wildfire in the boreal forest zone of Central Sweden took place. Four years after the wildfire, we measured processes linked to the soil N cycle using the N-15 pool dilution method (for gross N mineralization, consumption and nitrification) and the buried bags method (for net N mineralization), in soils from stands of different fire severity that had or had not been subjected to salvage logging. Gross N mineralization and consumption rates per unit carbon (C) increased by 81 % and 85 % respectively, in response to high fire severity, and nitrification rates per unit C basis decreased by 69 % in response to high fire severity, while net N mineralization was unresponsive. There was no difference in the effect of salvage logging across stands of differing fire severity on N transformation rates, although concentrations of resin adsorbed nitrate (NO3-) were overall 50 % lower in logged compared to unlogged stands. We also found that irrespective of burn severity, N immobilization rates exceeded N nitrification rates, and immobilization was therefore the dominant pathway of gross N consumption. Gross N consumption rates were higher in burned than unburned stands, despite there being a higher active microbial biomass in unburned soil, which suggests an even higher immobilization of N over time as the microbial biomass recovers following fire. Our study shows that soil N transformation rates were more affected by changes in fire severity than by salvage logging, and that four years after the fire many aspects of the N cycle did not differ between burned and unburned stands, suggesting substantial resilience of the N cycle to fire and salvage logging. However, we note that long term impact and many additional ecosystem properties or processes should be evaluated before concluding that salvage logging has no ecosystem impact. Furthermore, shortened fire regimes following climate warming accompanied with shorter intervals between salvage logging practices, could still impact the capability for the N cycle to recover after an intense fire. While wildfire in the boreal region results in a shift from nutrient conserving to nutrient demanding plant species, our results suggest this shift is dependent on a relatively short-lived pulse of higher N cycling processes that would have likely dissipated within a few years after the fire.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier