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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Species density diverges after forest fragmentation in lianescent Machaerium Pers. (Fabaceae) in Central Amazonia

    Piovesan P.R.R.Ferraz I.D.K.Camargo J.L.C.Burnham R.J....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Liana density is positively associated with forest fragmentation. The process of colonization by lianas is often reported without considering species composition, and consequent changes in liana species composition is relatively unexplored. To understand the compositional change associated with disturbance, we inventoried lianas in permanent plots of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP), north of Manaus, Central Amazonia, Brazil. This analysis was focused exclusively on species of the diverse genus Machaerium Pers. (Fabaceae). All lianas with DBH ≥ 2 cm were marked, measured, collected, and identified to the species level in 34 1-ha plots, distributed in continuous and fragmented forests. Density data were analyzed at three hierarchical taxonomic levels: the whole liana community, the genus Machaerium, and each species within Machaerium. At both the generic and species levels, we calculated absolute and relative density. Density (absolute and relative) was evaluated using two indicators of forest disturbance: (1) continuous versus fragmented forest, and (2) plot proximity to forest edge. We employed Generalized Linear Mixed Model with Template Model Builder for analyses. As expected, whole community liana density was positively related to forest disturbance. However, absolute density of the genus Machaerium was not affected by edge or by forest fragmentation, and consequently relative density of the genus Machaerium was reduced. Among the eight species of Machaerium, we found distinct patterns of response to disturbance. Absolute densities of M. hoehneanum and M. aureiflorum were positively affected by forest disturbance, similar to the pattern of the whole liana community, while absolute densities for M. macrophyllum and M. ferox were negatively affected. Absolute densities of the other four species (M. madeirense, M. leiophyllum, M. multifoliolatum, and M. quinata) were not affected by fragmentation indicators. The relative density of six of the eight Machaerium species was negatively affected by forest fragmentation. The variation of responses in closely related species of lianas suggests that liana species are neither uniformly nor always positively affected by forest fragmentation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The effect of Acacia mangium harvest residue management on productivity and soil characteristics of a subsequent Eucalyptus pellita plantation in South Sumatra, Indonesia

    Inail M.A.Thaher E.Hardiyanto E.B.
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022We report on a study of harvest residue management impacts on productivity and soil properties of Eucalyptus pellita plantation in South Sumatra. We assessed the effect of harvest residue retention and P fertilisation on stand growth, biomass and nutrient cycling of the first rotation of E. pellita after 3 previous rotations of Acacia mangium. Changes in soil properties over the E. pellita rotation were also evaluated. Retention of harvest residues combined with the application of P fertiliser yielded stem volume of 209.4 m3 ha?1 and total biomass of 132 Mg ha?1, increased stem volume by 19% and total biomass by 22% compared with complete removal of harvest residue and no P fertiliser in the end of rotation at age 6 years. Mean annual litterfall production was 8.7 Mg ha?1 y-1, and nutrient retranslocation at leaf senescence was high (N, 25–33%; P, 55–73%; K, 40–49%). In the surface soil (0–10 cm) soil organic carbon and N did not change much, while extractable P and available cations decreased over the course of the rotation. Harvest residue retention of the previous rotation of A. mangium and addition of P fertiliser resulted in earlier canopy closure, higher litterfall production in the first two years, lower nutrient retranslocation and higher nutrient return to the soil when the stand is harvested, leading to better nutrient conservation in the soil.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effect of riparian soil moisture on bacterial, fungal and plant communities and microbial decomposition rates in boreal stream-side forests

    Annala M.J.Puumala I.Mykra H.Lehosmaa K....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Riparian habitats of boreal forests are considered as hotspots for biochemical processes and biodiversity, and varying width riparian buffers have been proposed to protect species diversity of the riparian forests. However, evidence of the role of soil moisture variation in shaping riparian biodiversity and ecosystem functioning remain scarce particularly regarding belowground diversity. We studied how distance from the stream and soil moisture of the riparian zone affected species richness and community composition of plants, bacteria, and fungi as well as microbial decomposition rates. Using a split-plot design with a plant survey and amplicon sequencing for microorganisms we identified taxa associated with different categories of moisture and distance from the stream along six headwater stream-sides in middle boreal forests in Northern Finland. Tea-bag Index was used to assess the decomposition rates. PERMANOVA and linear mixed-effect models were used to analyze the data. Variation in riparian soil moisture influenced species composition and richness of plants and bacteria. Plant communities also changed from herbaceous dominated to shrub dominated with increasing distance from the stream. Fungal communities, however, did not respond to soil moisture or distance from the stream, and there were only slight differences in fungal trophic guilds among moisture and distance categories. Decomposition of organic material by microorganisms was faster adjacent to the stream than further away, and moist riparian areas had higher decomposition rates than drier ones. Decomposition rates were positively related to pH, Ca, Mg and NH4 and soil temperature. Synthesis and applications We show that above- and belowground diversity and microbial decomposition are associated to soil moisture at riparian sites supporting the idea of leaving wider unmanaged buffers in moist habitats to safeguard the overall forest diversity. Our findings further emphasize the need to consider soil moisture when planning the measures for riparian protection as changes in riparian soil moisture could lead to deterioration of organic matter decomposition. Different responses of the examined plant and microbial communities to riparian soil conditions clearly imply that overall riparian diversity cannot be explained based on a single community type, and that different organisms may respond differently to human-induced changes in stream riparian zone.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Site quality and intensive early stand management practices affect growth dominance, structural complexity, and tree growth in ponderosa pine plantations

    Looney C.E.Zhang J.
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022During stand initiation, the influences of silvicultural practices such as competing vegetation control and fertilization have been primarily examined in terms of stand-level growth rather than structural complexity. Understanding how intensive silvicultural treatments alter the long-term trajectory of stand development may be critical to meeting management objectives, such as habitat restoration, minimizing ladder fuels, or carbon sequestration. Previous studies have found mixed evidence for an effect of vegetation control and fertilization on structural complexity. Investigating how early pulse treatments drive tree size differentiation in young stands, as indicated by growth dominance (GD), could potentially allow managers to anticipate or design treatments to alter the development of structural complexity later in stand development. We reanalyzed data from the Garden of Eden experiment, a full-factorial study investigating how competing vegetation and nutrients impact ponderosa pine growth and yield over a gradient of site quality in northern California, USA. Our goals were to determine whether these silvicultural practices alter GD and structural complexity, and whether GD and structural complexity created potential feedbacks to alter stand productivity. We examined data for the first 20 years of stand development across 6 study sites. For each site and observation period, we calculated the growth dominance coefficient of total cubic volume to represent GD and the Gini coefficient of inequality in basal area distribution (GC) to represent structural complexity. We created a series of competing generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) to disentangle the roles of site, stand age, and treatment on GD and GC. We created a set of competing individual-tree GAMMs at age 20 to isolate the influences of GC and GD on volume increment, controlling for the effects of competition, tree size, site, and treatment influences. In agreement with previous research, we found that GD deviated little from size-symmetry (tree growth being roughly proportional to tree size) and did not vary consistently with treatment. Competing vegetation control and higher site quality promoted lower GC, indicative of lower structural complexity. Fertilization increased structural complexity relative to other treatments on two sites in particular, which may reflect unintentional increases in drought stress from fertilization on sites with metasedimentary soils. While GD had limited influence on individual-tree growth, GC interacted with tree size such that small-medium sized trees grew more rapidly on structurally simple plots. Our results have implications for balancing objectives such as fire risk, carbon sequestration, and habitat during reforestation projects.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Woody species dynamics in Sheka Forest Biosphere Reserve, Southwest Ethiopia

    Berhanu Y.Sintayehu D.W.Dalle G.Kelboro G....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Understanding the dynamics of woody species diversity is the foundation for designing sustainable biodiversity management strategies. Despite an extensive history of cross-sectional ecological studies, scientific gen on the dynamics of woody species diversity over time and space is rare and mostly unexplored in the last remaining Eastern Afromontane Forests. This study aimed to examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of woody species composition, structure, and diversity in the Sheka Forest Biosphere Reserve (SFBR). Data were collected from a total of 43 permanent plots with a dimension of 10 m × 50 m that were laid along the altitudinal gradient. In both 2000 and 2021, the same permanent plots were used and the same approach was followed. Diversity indices and Wilcoxon paired-sample test were employed for the comparison of changes. One hundred one woody species that belong to 84 genera and 41 families and 62 woody species that belong to 54 genera and 32 families were recorded in 2000 and 2021, respectively. During the present study, 47 woody species from the 2000 inventory list including three endemics were not encountered, while eight new species were recorded. The aggregated density and total basal area of woody species decreased from 2590 ± 536 ha?1 to 2454 ± 300 ha?1, and 101.3 m2ha?1 to 72m2ha?1, respectively. The dominant woody species was Ficus sur in 2000, while it was shifted to Coffea arabica in 2021. Woody species richness, evenness, and diversity significantly reduced during the study period. In the mid and lower altitudes with lower slope gradients, where settlement and agricultural expansion were prevalent, the greatest decline in woody species richness, diversity, and evenness, and highest turnover were recorded. Unsustainable use for construction, energy production, creation of job opportunities (income generation), as well as the conversion of forestland to farmland resulted in the rapid decline and massive turnover of woody species diversity. It is important to develop and execute comprehensive sustainable forest management strategies, which include diversification of energy sources and use of energy-saving technologies, strengthening tree planting and management practices for household use and income generation, and diversification of eco-friendly livelihood options. The conservation of endemic and priority species is indispensable to maintaining ecosystem integrity and species diversity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Long-term stream chemistry response to harvesting in a northern hardwood forest watershed experiencing environmental change

    Leach J.A.Hazlett P.W.Emilson E.J.S.Webster K.L....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Previous studies of harvest impacts on stream chemistry from deciduous forests with seasonal snow cover have shown variable responses and recovery times. We hypothesized that this variability in response and recovery was due to the interactive effects of forest harvesting with regional and global environmental changes. We investigated harvest impacts on stream solute (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, SO42–, DOC, Si, NO3–, NH4+, total P) concentrations, pH and conductivity under clearcut, selection, and shelterwood harvesting using a before-after control-impact experimental approach. The experiment was conducted at the Turkey Lakes Watershed, a shade-tolerant sugar maple forest within the Boreal Shield Ecozone, over a 36 year period (15 year pre-harvest and 21 year post-harvest) that has experienced climate change and acidification recovery. Harvest impacts on stream chemistry were greatest in the clearcut, moderate in the selection cut, and least in the shelterwood cut. The largest impacts on stream solutes typically lasted one to six years following harvest, although some solutes were impacted during the entire 21 year post-harvest period. Different patterns in the response of stream solute concentrations included: initial deviations (increase or decrease) followed by a return to pre-harvest levels within two to four years (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, conductivity); initial increase followed by a decrease but still not recovered (K+); initial increase followed by a decrease to below pre-harvest levels (NO3–, Na+, Cl-); sustained elevated concentrations (dissolved organic carbon [DOC], Si); and a noisy response (TP, SO42-, pH). The different patterns were consistent with expected changes in nutrient demand, sources, and transport (including changes in hillslope-stream hydrologic connectivity due to harvesting). Comparing harvest impacts to long-term climate change and acidification recovery showed that harvesting had antagonistic (mitigative) effects to environmental changes for some solutes (e.g., cations), while for others (e.g., DOC) harvesting had agonistic (synergistic) effects to environmental changes. These results emphasize the need for long-term monitoring to accurately interpret the consequences of forest harvesting practices on the resilience of forests experiencing environmental change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Determination of some factors leading to the infestation of Ips sexdentatus in crimean pine stands

    Ozcan G.E.Sivrikaya F.Sakici O.E.Enez K....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Large infestations of bark beetles result in the death of many trees in large forest areas. Ecological-based modeling approaches that include the factors causing infestations are important for accurately predicting whether these infestations will occur, suggesting ways to avoid large infestations, and understanding sustainable forest management. In the present study, the effects of some stand characteristics and topographical and climatological factors on the of Ips sexdentatus infestation at pure and mixed Crimean pine stands were evaluated. Ten factors were considered as important for predicting the predisposition of a pine forest to infestation: stand structure, site index, crown closure, stand age, aspect, slope, elevation, maximum temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation. Ten conditioning layers were overlayed separately with a beetle infestation map using geographic information system (GIS) to investigate how the beetle damage changed according to these factors and how much damage it caused. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine how combinations of the 10 factors affected beetle infestations and which of the factors were most damaging. It was found that the stand structure, crown closure, site index, stand age, slope, elevation, maximum temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation were definite factors in I. sexdentatus infestation; the aspect was not found to be a strong factor. The crown closure was the most significant factor affecting I. sexdentatus infestation followed by maximum temperature, elevation, slope, precipitation, solar radiation, stand age, site index, and stand structure. The crown closure, stand structure, maximum temperature, solar radiation, and forest stand area variables were significantly included in the logistic regression model.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The response of bats to dispersed retention of broad-leaved trees in harvested conifer plantations in Hokkaido, northern Japan

    Teshima N.Kawamura K.Nakamura F.Akasaka T....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The area of tree plantations has been expanding globally. While plantations generally support less biodiversity than natural forests, the habitat function of plantations can be enhanced by management. Retention forestry is a promising method to mitigate the negative impacts of harvesting on forest-dependent species through retaining some vital habitat structures for organisms. Bats are highly dependent on forests and have an important pest-control function; however, their response to retention forestry remains unknown. We surveyed bat activity at clear-cut sites, sites with dispersed broad-leaved tree retention (medium-level retention: 50 trees/ha, high-level retention: 100 trees/ha), and unharvested Todo fir (Abies sachalinensis) plantations in Hokkaido, northern Japan. We analyzed the effects of these treatments on genus richness and the activity of three groups preferring different degrees of habitat openness (cluttered-space species, open-space species, and edge species). Genus richness and the activity of cluttered-space species were higher at retention sites than at clear-cut sites. Similarly, the activity of edge species was higher at high-level retention sites than at clear-cut sites and comparable to that at unharvested plantations. Unexpectedly, the pattern of open-space species was similar to that of edge species. The increase in bat activity due to high-level retention was predicted to be 3.4 and 6.1 times that of medium-level retention for cluttered-space and edge species, respectively. Our results imply that dispersed broad-leaved tree retention in conifer plantations mitigates the negative impacts of harvesting on cluttered-space and edge species, and high-level retention is more effective. Thus, retaining large numbers of trees in a few harvested compartments and clear-cutting in others can be more effective for conserving bat activity than retaining a smaller number of trees in each of many compartments. For biodiversity conservation in plantation landscapes, it would be worthwhile to consider not only the common strategy of low retention in each of many harvested compartments but also a management strategy that retains many trees in a few compartments.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Stand density effects on tree growth and climatic response in Picea obovata Ledeb. plantations

    Zhirnova D.F.Babushkina E.A.Upadhyay K.K.Tripathi S.K....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Stand density critically affects the growth and productivity of trees in various forest ecosystems, and thus their ability to provide goods and services. However, a better understanding of tree growth and forest stand structure interrelationships are critically lacking, which hinders our ability to develop sustainable management plans for climate resilient forests growth and development. The present study was carried out on Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) in southern taiga of Central Siberia in experimental plantations created in 1982. The initial planting densities DENS0 at 18 plots ranged from 500 to 128 000 trees ha?1. Further stand density dynamics due to self-thinning was defined mainly by tree age; log-linear regression models explained 80–99% of its variation. The average tree diameter demonstrated allometric negative dependence on stand density persistently for inventory surveys at ages of 20, 25, and 35 years, while tree height became significantly dependent on stand density only to age of 35 years. Tree-level productivity (trunk volume and basal area) was negatively affected by stand density, while stand productivity was positively linked with it. Mean tree-ring width and latewood width both decreased persistently with rising stand density, and their responses to temperature and precipitation shifted to earlier calendar dates, e.g., from June-July to May-June. At the same time, behavior of latewood ratio chronologies (their synchronicity and climatic response) divided all plots in two groups: sparse (planting density of 500–6 000 trees ha?1) and dense stands (8 000–128 000 trees ha?1).Besides shift of positive response to precipitation from August to July, for trees in dense stands latewood ratio is negatively affected by winter snow.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Predicting ignitability from firebrands in mature wet eucalypt forests

    Cawson J.G.Pickering B.J.Filkov A.I.Burton J.E....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Forest ignitability varies spatially and temporally across landscapes as a function of fuel moisture. Wetter forests are often more difficult to ignite and therefore act as a barrier to the spread of wildfire. However, when these forests dry out and transition to an ignitable-state, the landscape is primed for large wildfires. Fire managers require information about forest ignitability to predict the timing of this switch. Yet, an understanding of the drivers and thresholds for ignitability in wetter forests remains incomplete. Our study sought to address this knowledge gap by evaluating a range of in-forest and landscape variables as predictors of ignitability in wet eucalypt forests. We conducted ignition experiments over two fire seasons at six sites in mature wet and damp eucalypt forest in south-eastern Australia. Each experiment involved 30 ignition attempts within each site on a single day using two types of flaming firebrands with different heats of combustion. The success and sustainability of each ignition attempt was recorded and this process repeated 8–9 times per site culminating in 1590 ignition attempts across a range of fuel moisture conditions. Ignition results were evaluated against 21 different in-forest and landscape variables. In-forest variables were generally stronger predictors of ignition and sustained ignition than landscape variables. The more energetic firebrand yielded more successful ignitions and sustained ignitions, but rankings for the predictor variables were similar for both types of firebrand. The strongest predictor of ignition and sustained ignition was in-forest vapour pressure deficit (VPD) (R2 = 0.65 for ignition and R2 = 0.55 sustained ignition), which is a measure of atmospheric dryness that is strongly associated with dead fuel moisture content. Past studies have identified strong links between VPD, burned area and fire severity at broader spatial and temporal scales. Our results show that VPD is also important at the time of ignition and could be used to predict wildfire risk in wet eucalypt forests.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier