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Forest Ecology and Management
Elsevier Science
Forest Ecology and Management

Elsevier Science

0378-1127

Forest Ecology and Management/Journal Forest Ecology and ManagementSCIISTPEIAHCI
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    Tropical forests in ecotonal regions as a carbon source linked to anthropogenic fires: A 15-year study case in Atlantic forest – Cerrado transition zone

    Paula G.G.P.D.Coelho P.A.Santos P.F.Morel J.D....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Tropical forests are extremely important for biodiversity maintenance and ecosystem services’ provisions. However, such services have been largely threatened by anthropogenic pressures, with a major role from forest fires, particularly in transitional regions that encompass savanna ecosystems. To improve our understanding on the impacts of an anthropogenic fire on the carbon stock and uptake, we used a dataset with 38 tropical forest plots located in a forest-savanna transition region, to test the hypothesis that fire decreases forest's carbon stocks and ceases its ability to sink carbon, becoming a source of carbon for the atmosphere. Tree communities (diameter at the breast height ≥ 5 cm) were monitored for 10 years in the absence of fire (2001 to January 2011), until September 2011, when 24 plots burned (fire from adjacent farms). The two groups of plots (unburned and fire-affected in 2011) were remeasured in 2016, encompassing a 15-year monitoring period over 4 inventories (2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016). We specifically investigated the temporal trends of each group of plots in relation to its carbon stock and uptake and partitioned the contribution of the different component processes (gain, loss, mortality, recruitment, increment and decrement). We found that the trend of increasing forest carbon stock observed in the period before the fire (2001–2011) was abruptly interrupted by fires, decreasing carbon stocks due to negative productivity in the 2011–2016 interval. Carbon losses were mainly driven by an increase in tree mortality, especially in small-DBH trees. In turn, forests that played an important role in carbon sink became a source of carbon to the atmosphere. This result has an important impact on the ecosystem services provided by these forests, especially considering the context of increased fires in the forest-savanna transition regions and its possible interaction with climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A new paradigm for Continuous Forest Inventory in industrial plantations

    McTague J.P.Scolforo H.F.Scolforo J.R.S.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.In contrast to the conventional approach of using measured yields for independent variables in a double sampling estimator, a new estimator is presented for Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) with partial replacement that is based on projected yields for independent variables. This proposed approach requires a modern growth and yield system for prediction and projection at the stand-level. Other attributes, such as trees per hectare and basal area per hectare are indirectly derived from the Sampling with Partial Replacement (SPR) estimator, together with a consistent stand-table of tree frequency at the diameter class level. The method is extended to stratified sampling and can accommodate cases in which the sample size of permanent plots for a stand is less than 10. Recommendations are provided about the plot size and plot configurations for temporary plots with the aim of establishing procedures that are fast, easy to measure, and inexpensive. It is demonstrated that the proposed sampling estimator can also be extended to some well-known plantation species where the silvicultural practice of thinning is common.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The negative effect of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) monoculture plantations on soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass, fungal communities, and enzymatic activities

    Guo J.Feng H.Pan C.Yu Y....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Considerable natural or secondary forests have been converted to plantations in response to the growing needs for timber, paper, and fuel. Soil fungal communities are sensitive to ecosystem transformation and play an important role in aboveground-belowground linkages and biogeochemical cycling. However, the effect of forest conversion on fungal community structure and functions and driving mechanisms remains unclear. We investigated the response of soil fungal communities and the corresponding change in soil physicochemical biological properties and enzymatic activities to the natural broad-leaved forest (NBF) converted to the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation (CFP) in subtropical China with ITS rRNA amplicon sequencing. Soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass, fungal alpha diversities, and enzymatic activities decreased with forest conversion, including pH, soil water content, soil organic carbon, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, urease, protease, and acid phosphatase. Fungal community composition and structure were also strongly affected by forest conversion. Ascomycota had a higher read abundance in the NBF, but Basidiomycota showed a higher read abundance in the CFP. The read abundance of saprotroph and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased with forest conversion, while that of ectomycorrhizal fungi decreased. Some fungal guilds—dung saprotrophs, lichenized fungi, endophytes, and lichen parasites—were even nearly lost in the CFP. These changes in fungal communities are all closely correlated to soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities. Overall, our study emphasizes the negative effect of the NBF conversion to the CFP on C, N, and P cycling mediated by fungi—and recommends replacing monoculture coniferous forests with mixed forests in reforestation to improve soil degradation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Estimating height-diameter relations for structure groups in the natural forests of Northeastern China

    Zhao X.Wu X.von Gadow K.Zhang C....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Tree height-diameter (H-D) models are essential for estimating tree volume and forest production. The development of such models can be especially challenging in multi-species natural forests. We present new generalized mixed-effects models based on a set of 456 sample plots and 77,908 individual tree measurements. Tree species were assigned to one of four structure groups according to their life forms, regeneration modes and stand structure characteristics: (1) Understory tree species with an L-shaped D distribution (UL); (2) Sub-canopy tree species with an L-shaped D distribution (SL); (3) Sub-canopy tree species with a bell-shaped D distribution (SB); and (4) Canopy tree species with a bell-shaped D distribution (CB). A distance-dependent competition index (DCI) was included in the base model of the structure groups, and a mixed-effects model for each group with tree species as random-effect. The four models represent unique allometric relationships for the four structure groups. Model accuracy was improved for all groups after adding DCI. Two sets of mixed-effects H-D models (with or without DCI) are presented to improve the estimates of productivity and carbon stock in the temperate natural forests of Northeastern China. The general approach adopted in this study may serve as an example for similar studies in other multi-species and multi-layered forest stands.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Increased levels of forestry best management practices reduce sediment delivery from Middle and Lower Coastal Plain clearcut harvests and access features, southeastern states, USA

    Hawks B.S.Michael Aust W.Barrett S.M.Chad Bolding M....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Over 390,000 ha of forestland are clearcut annually (1–2%) across the Coastal Plain region of the southeastern U.S. where forestland occupies approximately 30 million hectares in the region. Extensive periods of high-water tables, wet-weather and harvesting, rutting, erodible soils, and drainage networks typical of the Coastal Plain increase the potential for erosion and stream sedimentation. To mitigate these impacts, water quality forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs) were developed for erosion and sediment control and are recommended and approved by all southeastern state forestry agencies for application during and after harvests. The goal of this study was to estimate erosion and sedimentation from silvicultural operations in the Coastal Plain under three different and previously recognized levels of BMP implementation including BMP– (<80%), BMP-standard (80%–90%), and BMP+ (>90%), where 90% represents average implementation. A total of 35 recent clearcut sites were evaluated in the Coastal Plain of 12 southeastern states. Erosion was estimated via the USLE-Forest model at five operational features, including decks, stream crossings, haul roads, skid trails, and harvest areas only, which were classified into one of three BMP levels. Sediment traps were utilized on a subset of Coastal Plain sites in Virginia and North Carolina so that sediment delivery ratios (unitless) could be calculated. Clearcut area estimates were obtained from the United States Forest Service (USFS), Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program. The percent areas comprised within each operational feature were multiplied by total clearcut areas in the Coastal Plain region so that erosion and sedimentation estimates could be expanded to a regional scale. Examination of the different levels of BMP implementation revealed estimated sedimentation rates of 0.5 Mg ha?1 yr?1 and 0.4 Mg ha?1 yr?1 at the BMP-standard and BMP+ levels, respectively. The range of overall estimated sediment masses at the BMP-standard and BMP+ levels most accurately reflects the current state of BMP application in the Coastal Plain. BMPs were most obviously effective at mitigating erosion and potential sediment delivery from Coastal Plain skid trails and haul roads. The highest level of BMP implementation (BMP+) at forest roads and skid trails mitigated approximately 95% of sediment compared to BMP–. Overall sediment removal efficiencies were 77% for BMP-standard and 83% for BMP+ respectively when compared to BMP–. Conclusively, this study demonstrates that forestry BMPs are highly effective at mitigating erosion and stream sedimentation when appropriately applied in the southeastern Coastal Plain.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Forest treatment effects on wood production in ponderosa pine

    Grulke N.E.Levin D.A.Bienz C.Merschel A....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Forest treatments reduce wildfire risk and can promote the vigor and production of remaining trees, but they are also a disturbance. Understanding the type, timing, and longevity of tree response to treatment, as well as the potential for interactive effects of treatments and drought, could help managers plan and evaluate forest management practices. Environmental drivers, biological modifiers, and tree capacity to respond to prior disturbances were concurrently tested to predict ponderosa pine basal area increment (BAI) in a lowland and upland dry pine forest in south central Oregon, USA. Environmental drivers included current year and lags or running averages of a drought index, SPEI, and the sum or count of growing degree days >0°C or 10°C. Biological modifiers of environmental drivers considered pre-treatment response to disturbance, tree vigor, and tree-to-tree competition. A model was developed to predict BAI in both topographic positions for applicability to the landscape level, and then was used to test for specific differences in BAI between paired forest treatments differing by one treatment. Forest treatments tested included no management (NM), undercut and even spacing harvest (HE), prescribed fire (Rx), and their combinations. HE significantly increased BAI shortly after treatment. Post-harvest, one or two Rx did not provide additional BAI benefits, nor in the absence of HE, did 2Rx vs. 1Rx treatment. The 1Rx treatment was imposed between multi-year droughts; BAI significantly increased after the treatment and was resistant to droughts. Upland trees were affected by a single year of drought; lowland trees responded only after sequential drought years. A single treatment, HE or 1Rx appeared to be as effective as multiple or mixed treatments in improving BAI in dry pine forest stands. HE appeared to generate the largest effect. Timing of forest treatments relative to site water balance may affect short term (decadal) wood production.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Vegetation recovery rates provide insight into reburn severity in southwestern Oregon, USA

    Weber R.N.Powers M.D.Kennedy R.E.
    21页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Like much of western North America, The Klamath-Siskiyou Ecoregion of southwest Oregon and northern California is experiencing a departure from its historical fire regime, with greater proportions of high severity fire and less low to moderate severity fire compared to historical norms. Reburn events (i.e. when wildfires burn through areas that have recently burned) can exacerbate this departure when high reburn severity contributes to a conversion from mixed-conifer forests to an alternative stable state dominated by pyrogenic shrubs. Spatially explicit understanding of the predictors of reburn severity is necessary to identify areas where the risk of high reburn severity should be mitigated and areas where low to moderate severity fire can be encouraged to promote resilience to future wildfires. Previous research concerning drivers of reburn severity has considered the severity of the initial fire, topography, and fuel and weather conditions immediately preceding the reburning fire, but has not evaluated the potential effects of vegetation dynamics after a fire on reburn severity. We investigated whether remotely sensed rates of vegetation recovery following an initial fire, measured by change in Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) over 2, 5, and 10 years, are important predictors of reburn severity, once other known drivers of fire severity have been accounted for. Though a Random Forests analysis revealed that other variables (notably pre-reburn vegetation cover, average fire season PDSI, and initial fire severity) were more important predictors of reburn severity, vegetation recovery rates after an initial fire were found to be moderately important predictors of reburn severity, with comparable importance to fire weather variables and higher importance than some topographical variables. Short-term (2-year and 5-year) vegetation responses to wildfire representing either delayed mortality or elevated vegetation recovery were both associated with higher reburn severity, as were higher 10-year rates of annual vegetation accumulation. The results indicate that along with previously identified drivers of reburn severity, remotely sensed metrics of vegetation recovery relatively soon after a fire may provide important insight that can support post-fire management decisions and wildfire response planning for future reburn events.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Fire after clear-cut harvesting minimally affects the recovery of ecosystem carbon pools and fluxes in a Great Lakes forest

    Clay C.Hickey L.J.Gough C.M.Nave L....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Effective forest carbon (C) management requires an understanding of how stand-replacing disturbances affect C pools and fluxes over successional timescales, and how the growth of secondary forests compares with that of undisturbed forests. In the upper Great Lakes region, fires that followed clear-cut harvesting shaped a century-old cohort of secondary forests, but the long-term effects of fire on C cycling in this relatively fire-averse landscape remain poorly understood. We examined how two different stand-replacing disturbances – one with and the other without fire – influenced C pools and fluxes through a century of stand development, comparing secondary aspen-dominated (Populus) forests with legacy late successional stands encompassing the ages and species compositions that would be prevalent today in the absence of stand replacement. Our work at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) used experimental forest chronosequences established following clear-cut harvesting or clear-cut harvesting followed by fire, along with three > 130-yr-old late successional deciduous broadleaf (DBF), evergreen needleleaf (ENF), and mixed (MIX) forest functional types. The successional trajectories and values of total (above- and belowground) ecosystem C mass, net primary production (NPP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) were similar regardless of whether fires occurred following clear-cut harvesting. Moreover, 80 + year old secondary forests’ C pools and fluxes were comparable to late successional ENF and MIX, but were at times lower than DBF. While the century-old secondary forests and legacy stands served as consistent C sinks over the last century, more extreme temperatures in recent years may be eroding NEP by accelerating C losses from soils. We conclude that the compounding effects of fire and clear-cut harvesting were similar to those from clear-cut harvesting alone, possibly because of the disturbance-adapted properties of pioneer species, most notably aspen; however, our results also suggest that changing climate rather than prior disturbance may jeopardize the future of this long-term terrestrial C sink.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier