Gaurendra GuptaDeo Narayan SinghJitendra S. BohraVishal Tyagi...
10页
查看更多>>摘要：Abstract This review paper aims at an in‐depth analysis of the challenges, opportunities, and status of fodder production in India. A comprehensive review of available literature and various reports by govt. as well as non govt. organizations have been done as part of the methodology for preparing the manuscript. India caters to approximately 20% of the world's livestock population and about 17.5% of the human population on just 2.3% of the world's land area. The human population is increasing at a pace of 1.6% per annum, while the livestock population is increasing at a rate of 0.66% per year. Theses increasing human and animal populations are fighting tooth and nail for land resources for food and fodder production, respectively. As a result, cultivated fodders occupy only 4% of the entire cultivable land in the country. Presently, the country faces a net shortfall of 35.6% green fodder, 10.5% dry crop leftovers, and 44% concentrate feed ingredients. The option for increasing land area under fodder cultivation is very limited. Hence, it is big challenge in front of us to utilize the available meagre land wisely with its fullest potential to produce the fodders for the animals. Which could be achieved by adopting suitable cropping systems, incorporation of fodder crops in food and other cash crop‐based cropping systems on rotational basis, production of fodder on degraded lands by adopting fodder‐based agro forestry systems and exploring other options of green fodder like azolla. The cropping system with forage crops provides a potential alternative to overcome the fodder problem as it utilizes the resources more efficiently.
查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Balanced feeding to livestock can effectively convert the non‐edible forage crops into human food. Balanced output and input feeding systems further will result in greater animal health and production outcomes, with greater capacity to support growing global food demands. It also positively impacts the global economy and livelihood support of those entirely depending on livestock rearing. In general, plants are made up of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fibres, lignin, minerals and vitamins of varying concentrations. These nutritional components in forage crops are key determinants of livestock growth, reproduction, behaviour, productivity and end‐product quality (milk and meat etc.). A high proportion of lignin, undigested fibres, and anti‐nutritional factors (cyanogenic glucosides, Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and condensed tannins) adversely affect the nutritional quality of forage crops. This review highlighted the importance of nutritional and anti‐nutritional components and their inter‐relationship with diverse agro‐climatic conditions. Further, we tried to cover the recent agronomical, conventional and non‐conventional breeding methods to improve the nutritional quality of forage crops concerning livestock productivity.
查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The Urochloa spp. breeding program at EMBRAPA‐Brazil targets the development of apomictic hybrids to improve animal performance, while reducing the environmental impact of livestock. In summary, breeders perform multiple crosses between apomictic and sexual parents, and screen progeny to perform selections for agronomic and nutritional traits across several harvests, years and locations. Thus, choosing the right parents and the cross combinations is crucial for the success of the breeding program. The objectives of this study were to: (i) estimate the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability, and contribution of additive and nonadditive effects, from a partial diallel cross design between three apomictic and ten sexual parents, for agronomical and nutritional traits in Urochloa spp.; (ii) assess genetic gain for all traits by selecting for yield of high nutritional value leaf mass (NLM); (iii) characterize the genotype profiles using genotype by yield*trait (GYT) biplot analysis. A total of 1380 interspecific hybrids from 29 full‐sib progenies were evaluated and then the hybrid selection was performed based on studentized best linear unbiased prediction of NLM. The 10% top‐performing hybrids were used in the GYT analysis using NLM as the basic variable. There was a predominance of nonadditive effects on the phenotypic expression of agronomic and nutritional value traits. The GCA was observed only for some traits in sexual parents, whereas SCA was observed in all traits. The selection based on NLM provided favorable gains for most of the agronomic traits and GYT biplot analysis was efficient to characterize genotype profiles.
Fernanda G. MoojenCarolina BremmEmilio A. LacaDébora R. Machado...
10页
查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Sward management is critical for animal performance in pastoral environments. We evaluated the performance of sheep grazing Italian ryegrass pastures under factorial combinations of two stocking methods (SM) (continuous and rotational) and two herbage allowances (HA) (10% and 20% of LWT) over 9?years. Average daily gain (ADG) was greater in continuous than in rotational stocking (p?<?.001) and in HA‐20% when compared with HA‐10% (p?=?.002). Weight gain per hectare was greater in HA‐10% than HA‐20% (p?<?.001). HA and total herbage production were the most important factors determining live weight (LW) gain per hectare, whilst sheep ADG relies upon sward parameters (i.e., sward height). Moreover, to increase sheep LW production per hectare in grazing systems, the amount of herbage production and its availability to animals is more important than the SM. These outcomes provide the basis to build sound grazing systems through the optimization of sward management.
David A. PintensKevin J. ShinnersJoshua C. FriedeKenneth F. Kalscheur...
11页
查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Two intensive forage processing mechanisms, utilising either shredding or impact processing, were used to investigate physical disruption of wilted alfalfa and whole‐plant corn as a potential means to improve fibre digestion. Physical disruption was quantified by a processing level index (PLI) defined as the ratio of treatment leachate conductivity relative to that of an ultimately processed treatment. The goal was to achieve a PLI of at least 60%. Impact processing created more physical disruption than shredding, and the former method was able to achieve the desired PLI goal. Although impact processing significantly reduced particle size of both wilted alfalfa and whole‐plant corn, more than 40% of alfalfa particles were longer than 6.3?mm when the PLI of greater than 60% was achieved. The mean particle‐size of the kernel fraction of processed whole‐plant corn was less than 1?mm after processing with the impact processor. Impact processing of wilted alfalfa significantly increased the rapidly soluble fraction and increased the rate of degradation of DM and potentially digestible fibre (pdNDF) during an in situ digestion experiment. Intensive mechanical processing has the potential to improve ruminant animal utilisation of forage crops through improved fibre digestion.
Jesica E. BlajmanMarcelo L. SignoriniGabriel VinderolaMariana S. Lingua...
13页
查看更多>>摘要：Abstract This study aimed at investigating the effects of an autochthonous microbial inoculant microencapsulated by spray‐drying on fermentation parameters, microbiological composition, mycotoxin level and aerobic stability of maize and lucerne silages. Experiment 1, a completely randomized design with a 2?×?2?×?4 factorial arrangement of treatments, evaluated inoculation (control or Lactobacillus plantarum Hv75, Pediococcus acidilactici 3903 and Lactobacillus buchneri B463), packing density (148.5?kg dry matter (DM)/m3 or 181.5?kg DM/m3) and storage period (0, 1, 30 or 60?days) in maize silage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) supplementation produced higher DM and lower acetic acid and deoxynivalenol contents compared to the control (p?<?0.05). However, these differences were small in terms of practical applications. Experiment 2 evaluated effects of microbial inoculation (similar as in experiment 1), wilting time (3 or 21?h) and storage period (0, 3, 30 or 60?days) in lucerne silage. LAB supplementation increased DM and lactic acid content, reduced pH and concentrations of acetic acid, ethanol and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen compared to the control (p?<?0.05). In addition, inoculation increased total LAB population and decreased yeast and mould counts (p?<?0.05). Although the strains displayed potential to be used as a bio‐inoculant at different lucerne moisture levels, prolonged wilting positively influenced DM, crude protein and fibre degradation (p?<?0.05). Therefore, the addition of this spray‐dried inoculant to lucerne silages with longer wilting could be recommended for the attainment of silage quality.
查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Docks are a widespread problem in intensively managed grassland, requiring repeated pesticide applications for control purposes. New European Union pesticide regulations aim to restrict pesticide use. This necessitates improved efficiency of pesticide use including the most effective time to apply them during the target weed's lifecycle. The experimental site (52°21 N, 7°18 W) was reseeded with perennial ryegrass in October 2009. A plot (5?m?×?10?m) experiment was laid down in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and eight replicates. Four herbicides licensed for use in new leys (NLH) were each applied in April 2010. Four herbicides licensed for use in established grassland (EGH) were each applied 2?years later in April 2012. The ninth treatment was an untreated control. Dock numbers were measured over 5?years (2010–2014) and herbage production over 3?years (2012–2014). Across all treatments, dock numbers were relatively low until the fourth year during which there was more than a three‐fold increase due to clonal propagation. NLH gave more (p?<?.001) effective and enduring control than EGH. EGH varied in their effectiveness with (p?<?.001) recovery of individually marked docks that were ‘apparently dead’ following EGH application. In 2014 dock herbage dry‐matter (DM) production (t?ha?1) was 3.41 in the control compared with 0.55 for NLH and 1.38 for EGH. Across all treatments in 2014?grass DM production declined with increasing dock herbage DM production (t?ha?1): grass?=?11.17?–?1.047?×?dock (R2?=?.73; p?<?.001). More eco‐efficient control of docks was achieved by herbicide application to new leys.
查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Delayed harvest during different periods of the year may help to increase the multifunctionality in terms of simultaneous flowering resource and forage provision of ley grassland. Interaction effects of harvesting regime and the grass sward composition on herbage yield and quality were therefore investigated in two multispecies swards in the present study (a simple sward with five vs. a complex sward with 16 sown species) that lasted from the establishment phase (2017) over two main production years (2018 and 2019) until the subsequent cropping phase (2020) where legacy effects were analysed by growing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum gaudini). A particular drought in the year 2018 affected the botanical composition which resulted in a lucerne‐dominated complex sward and a grass‐rich simple sward thwarting the initial aims of studying complex sward treatments. Extended regrowth in early summer increased herbage yield significantly while herbage quality, weighted over the respective periods, was hardly affected by harvesting regime. No consequence of the harvesting regime resulted during the subsequent cropping phase where the plots previously grown to the lucerne‐dominated complex sward resulted in significantly greater herbage dry‐matter yield, nitrogen yield and lower weed biomass. Overall, the interaction between harvesting management and grass sward composition was never significant. It is concluded that no negative consequence for herbage quality results at extended regrowth during part of the year. However, further studies comparing complex with simple multispecies swards should consider different soil types under more humid climate.
查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Paspalum dilatatum Poir. is a perennial apomictic and pentaploid South American grass and a very valued forage crop. The species has been available commercially in several parts of the world; however, its low seed production, apomictic reproduction and ergot susceptibility are important limitations for its adoption and breeding. The Dilatata complex includes five sexual tetraploid mostly selfing species, very closely related to P. dilatatum, which can be hybridized in different combinations. To explore the productive potential of breeding this species group as a sexual selfing tetraploid by combining germplasm from different tetraploid sources, a cross was made between Paspalum flavescens and Paspalum plurinerve which showed high productivity and resistance to ergot. The F1 was compared to the parents and 20 F3 families to evaluate the presence of heterosis, and estimate the additive genetic variance and the degree of transgressive segregation for morphological and productive traits. The F1 showed heterosis for dry matter and the number of fertile tillers, while the F3 showed transgressive segregation in more than 30% of the families for most traits. These results show that hybridization at the tetraploid level can generate vigorous and productive recombinants with a high potential to produce promising transgressive segregants. This breeding strategy appears highly promising, supporting further research on the potential of interspecific hybridization in this group.
NSTL
Wiley