查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdAcross several developing countries, appropriate land allocation between competing alternatives is a fundamental problem that continues to be a developmental challenge. Amboseli Ecosystem is a key ASAL land in Kenya whose landscape in resource uses has diversified over the period 1980–2010. Cultivation of crops in an ecosystem that is suited to sustainably supporting livestock and wildlife has resulted in strained use of natural resources. This is evident from fragmentation of communal land, increased human-wildlife conflicts and reduced grazing lands. A clear understanding of the drivers of these land use decisions at the household level is lacking. Therefore, this study determines factors that households are likely to consider when allocating land to different uses in Amboseli Ecosystem. A multinomial logistic regression model using crop production, livestock keeping and wildlife conservation as main categories was used to analyze data from 295 households. Results show that acquisition of more secure land tenure resulting in settlement near water resources and development of road infrastructure, are key drivers towards crop production. Other significant factors include age of the household head, land size, household income and credit access. To ensure sustainable flow of ecosystem services from Amboseli Ecosystem, emphasis should be placed on policies that do not encourage crop production. These include cessation of expansion of infrastructure and continued conservation of water resources. The latter is particularly important in supporting co-existence of wildlife and livestock.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsUrban area definitions are commonly used worldwide to reflect countries’ urban population percentages. The measurements are based on local factors and differ widely across countries, making them non-comparable. This is well acknowledged among specialists; however, they are commonly used in everyday practice as universal measurements, and even compared with each other. The problem is that we do not know the degree of error in such comparisons. For this purpose, in the study presented here we analysed and categorised different European national urban area definitions, testing them in the case of Finland. Definitions from 27 European countries were divided into two main categories according to the end result areal unit of the definition and further into seven subcategories based on the criteria used. Thirteen different definitions in the case of Finland were tested using spatial analyses with GIS. The results indicate that urban population percentage varies widely according to different definitions, making their comparability infeasible. The difference is even greater in the case of urban area ratio and population densities of urban areas between the two main categories. The results prove that definitions based on LAU areas cannot illustrate urban areas and their densities coherently. In light of a literature review on certain relational urban area delineation methods and the case study, desirable characteristics for the delineation of urban areas were highlighted. Consequently, a constant, structured evaluation of urbanity measurements and their underlying logic is necessary to enable unambiguous discourse on urban area in urban sciences. The results could help in formulating the applicability of the concept of urban area in scientific and popular communication and media.
Muscat A.de Olde E.M.de Boer I.J.M.Ripoll-Bosch R....
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查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Appropriating marginal land is seen as a way to overcome a wide range of land-use challenges such as food-feed-fuel competition, avoiding land abandonment, and preserving nature. As a result, there is growing interest in policy and academic communities to identify, define and measure the potential of marginal land to overcome these challenges. However, multiple definitions of marginal land exist due to the various ways of framing the problems and the solutions marginal land can address. This leads to a number of competing claims on and diverging debates about marginal land. To explore the competing claims on marginal land in these frames, we performed a framing analysis of EU policy debates about marginal land. Through this analysis, we find that different actors have conflicting ways of framing what problems marginal land can address and what courses of action to take. These frames do not overcome but form part of contested land-use debates already present in Europe. Exact definitions or estimations of marginal land are unlikely to overcome land-use debates because land-use decisions are subject to the same competing claims and hence normative decisions as land-use decisions around productive land. These marginal land frames reflect a vision for how land should be used; for food, feed, fuel or nature. We argue that exact estimations of marginal land are unlikely to fix controversies on land-use due to the inherent ambiguity of marginal land. Instead, we believe that deliberative science-policy relationships are needed.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdAir quality monitoring is challenging in countries where public access to data is not enabled by government agencies along with open access policies. This is especially true for Russia, where the Federal environmental monitoring network is outdated, and those systems operated by municipalities are generally under-funded. In fact, only three municipal agencies in Russia make real-time information on pollutant concentrations available online. Utilizing data from MosEcoMonitoring, we structure analytical models to infer spatial heterogeneity of nitrogen dioxide in Moscow. Model results are validated using non-governmental air quality data. The developed approach represents an open-source analytical framework for air quality evaluation and population exposure assessment on a city and district level. Both visualizations and predictive performance suggest governmental data is biased in a number of ways, highlighting the importance of ancillary data in uncovering socio-environmental implications.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdLand use intensification increases crop production without reclaiming new cropland from natural ecosystems. In addition to the yield-improving approaches, scientists began to assess the multiple cropping potential as an alternative for intensification. These existing assessments largely focused on the number of multiple cropping frequency (MCF) while ignoring the crop growth duration (GD) required by a complete cropping circle, which may bring uncertainty on the estimates. In this study, we aim to address such uncertainty by comprehensively considering the relation between MCF and GD. Selecting Jinxian county, Jiangxi Province, as a study area, we use time-series remote sensing imageries to observe MCF and GD, and to estimate the region's annual growing season (GS) by aggregating the crop-specific GDs corresponding to the MCF. We further apply scenario analysis to understand how crop choice. i.e. longer GD v.s. shorter GD, would influence the exploitation of GS and thus the multiple cropping potential. Results show that without considering GD, 33.63% croplands have the potential to harvest another time and 64.84% cropland could have two-extra harvests, which would result in the harvested area increased by + 163.31%. However, if GD is considered, this potential is estimated much lower in overall and is varied greatly across crop selection scenarios. In the most close-to-reality scenario, roughly 40% croplands have no potential to make extra harvest, because the GS in many areas have been largely exploited and the remaining GS is insufficient to sustain another complete crop growth. Our study shows that crop choice plays an important role in measuring and exploiting the multiple cropping potential, which provides implications for China's “agricultural supply-side structural reform” through sustainable land use intensification.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021The urban problems have clearly incorporated into the global sustainable development agenda and the scientific urban expansion model has won credibility for urban research and policy evaluation. From a comprehensive perspective, there is still little research on land use policy adjustments facing the potential impact of urbanization. Six different data scenarios, combined with three methods, were used to simulate the temporal and spatial characteristics of urban land use from historical to future 40 years in the context of appropriate data. The results from our study confirm the direct iterate in the initial data. Furthermore, for the long-term simulation of Wuhan, traditional methods perform better than smart methods when simulating regional urban growth changes high precision in continuous iteration for a long period was identified in CAmod1, and the CAmod3 has the highest simulation accuracy in the short-term phase. The filling type was mainly on both sides of the Yangtze River (developed area), while, the edge expansion type was mainly around the administrative boundary of the study area. We also found that the development policies in China were biased towards coastal areas in the early stage. The increase of urban land in Wuhan was slightly lagging behind. Under the control of national and local policies, a significant increase (1995–2000), and only 0.01% increase (2000–2010) in urban area development were observed in Wuhan City, China. According to the forecast results, urban land will grow by 539.73 km2 in 2035, reaching up to 719.76 km2. Therefore, it is necessary to combine multiple methods to collect suggestions in urban planning and to include the factor of policy reference when predicting the changes in future. Reasonable urbanization not only effectively improves the land utilization rate, but also promotes the harmonious and sustainable development of regional economic society.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021The nature and complexity of forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean region imply the necessity to implement robust and integrated policies, strategies, and special measures to meet the commitments set in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. This study aims to present the existing literature on forest policy directions on land use change, forestry, and the utilisation of forests as carbon sinks for Mediterranean countries. Another objective is to review current trends and identify challenging issues that lead to policy gaps. A scoping review and analysis were conducted based on a pre-determined research question. Scopus was used as the search database, and descriptive statistics were applied for data processing. The study finds that the forestry sector is most cited for its high potential in climate change mitigation and resilience planning. However, forest industry models aiming at climate neutrality are the least cited schemes in the literature. If the main goal for Mediterranean countries is to efficiently meet the current and future targets for their international pledges and to ensure a responsible position in a greener planet, forest policy re-construction should be listed at the top of the agenda of policy-makers.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdDespite recent revitalization efforts, many of Iran's historic neighborhoods have been gradually damaged and lagged behind the development of cities. The historical neighborhood of Oudlajan serves as a case in point. Using participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, and content analysis, this case study explores the neighborhood changes in Oudlajan both pre- and post- the implementation of revitalization plans. The results demonstrate a crucial need for sustainable and integrated urban regeneration through Oudlajan support groups—integrating their actions through the establishment of a local management entity as a part of the municipality, and placing them at the heart of policy-making, planning, and monitoring for Oudlajan. The proposed local management entity will coordinate the activities of NGOs, stakeholders, upper-level governmental organizations, and upstream managerial organizations needed for regenerating the neighborhood, as well as being involved in formulating, executing, monitoring, and revising the neighborhood regeneration plans based on the neighborhood's social and economic capacities, and its values.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2020 The AuthorChinese cities have experienced rapid urbanisation and attracted massive investment in the central city through urban redevelopment. Developing less favourable urban areas such as former industrial sites along the waterfront is less attractive for investment as these areas usually need to deal with poor environments and complicated land ownership. It is therefore important to understand how these urban projects are carried out and what financial instruments are used. This paper examines four waterfront redevelopment projects in Shanghai in the last three decades and asks how they got financed. The financial mechanism in the examined cases confirmed that land-based capital accumulation is central in the financialisation of these projects, with the important role of the state-owned development companies in each project to mobilise capital and carry out development. The paper also finds that the variety of innovative financial instruments like bonds, public-private partnership or the urban regeneration fund are explored to tap capital from domestic and international investors. These financial instruments are complementary to the land-based finance which facilitates urban redevelopment in less attractive waterfront areas, allowing new financial players to explore the potential for the waterfront.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdIn the post-WWII era, great economic success was achieved in countries that adopted, developmental state strategy, mainly because of their centralized administrative power, back then and top-down industrial development model. However, with democratization, taking place, central governments have gradually lost their dominance over industrial, development and this further affected their land use policies. In the case of Taiwan and South Korea, the development of national industrial parks was significantly declined after 1990, and both countries adjusted their spatial planning system in the new century to work with industrial land policy after democratization. Accordingly, this article compares the two countries to explore the policy transformation and discusses the probable reasons that make the different adjustment approaches two countries adopted. It is found that though both Taiwan and South Korea are thought as developmental states, the distinction of economic structures and the power relationships between spatial plans and sectoral policies have led to different planning model. Taiwan, embraces its National Spatial Plan as a platform for sectoral policy coordination, whilst South Korea's 2002 Comprehensive National Territorial Plan gives directives to sectoral policy. In conclusion, this paper argues that a developmental state inevitably needs a certain degree alter of its industrial land use policy as democratization occurs, and the corresponding approaches of institutional adjustment may vary with state's nature. The experience of these two Asian Tigers would serve as a good reference point for young developmental states, as they might experience the transformation of land use policy during democratization.
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