查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsGreenbelts are large areas of open land close to cities and suburbs and are found in several countries, including the US. The basic purposes of a greenbelt are to limit the extension of urban growth into the countryside as well as to protect and preserve farmland, forestland, and natural areas. Recently, the value of greenbelts has been recognized for providing carbon sinks to store and sequester carbon. We analyze the performance of six greenbelt counties in limiting sprawl and retaining open land. We then compare six counties with greenbelts to 19 adjacent counties without greenbelts to show that greenbelt counties experienced less land conversion from 2006 to 2016. Next, we calculate the conversion of the land by four land cover types in the six greenbelt counties. Finally, we analyze the conversion of land cover types by their carbon storage and sequestration capacity to indicate which land cover types different counties should prioritize for protection and preservation in their greenbelts.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdUnderstanding the trajectory of urbanization and its drivers is particularly important in the new urban agenda set out under sustainable development goal 11 on cities and human settlements. This is particularly relevant in Africa, where the urban transition process is advancing faster than anywhere else in the world. In this regard, we examine (i) the Spatio-temporal patterns of urbanization, (ii) the drivers of convergence behaviors among African countries. The empirical analysis reveals that there is a significant spatial correlation in Africa's urbanization trajectory. There is also evidence that both σ-convergence and β-convergence exist among our panel members over 2000–2018. The speed of convergence increases substantially when the role of socio-economic triggers of urbanization is considered. Moreover, among the determinants of conditional β-convergence, we show that natural resource rents and population contribute to urbanization significantly, while the effect of trade openness is insignificant. We also find that the relationship between urbanization and growth is inverted U-shaped, indicating that urbanization may decrease once a critical tipping point is breached. We demonstrate that accounting for spatial factors is essential to capture key features of urban evolution in Africa.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThis study aims to investigate the relationship between sustainability and resilience concepts in agriculture. First, we discuss the theoretical preliminaries related to the definition of these two concepts. Indeed, the literature considers sustainability as a proxy for resilience and vice versa in the context of agriculture. Intuitively, one may expect that sustainability and resilience are positively correlated. Second, we challenge these insights by embarking on empirical analysis directed at the Northern European countries (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Sweden) that are member states of the European Union. The criteria describing sustainability and economic resilience are identified for the empirical analysis. Third, the criteria decision making is applied to derive the composite indicators. The contemporaneous correlation between the composite indicators of sustainability and economic resilience is rather weak across the analyzed countries. However, the correlation increases in case the first-order differences of the composite indicators are considered. Therefore, economic resilience indicators cannot be replaced by sustainability-related ones and economic resilience should be taken as an additional facet of the economic sustainability when developing composite indicators.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2020 Elsevier LtdThis study examines the dynamics of university towns by focusing on the role of universities in China's (sub)urbanisation. Based on statistical data, the spatial expansion of universities is recognised as an integral component of the capital accumulation strategy at the interface of higher education and urbanisation. An empirical study of Shanghai further details the land-tuition-leverage strategy, the financialisation of universities, and the final government bailouts. In these processes, universities functioned as a financing vehicle for (sub)urban development. Moreover, the financialisation of universities was motivated by opportunity-driven strategies, intertwined with central-local tensions, and it was implemented within the state system and through multiple state agencies. The paper thus suggests the importance of looking at diverse financial contexts, inter-scalar interactions, and concrete mechanisms for understanding the variegated forms of the financialisation of the state and (semi-)public institutions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdDigitalisation of urban metabolism circularity provides policymakers, urban managers, planners and administrators with a useful tool for identifying, controlling and evaluating a wide range of data concerning the flows of social, environmental and economic resources. This approach is based on the crucial role of fixed and mobile digital infrastructures such as real-time monitoring stations, GPS tracking sensors, augmented reality, virtual sharing platforms, social media dashboards, smart grids, and the like in the development and strengthening of the quality and efficiency of the circularity of resources. For these reasons, the integration of digital technologies in mobility, waste, water and wastewater management, energy efficiency, safety, and so on, represents a crucial aspect for cities involved in the circularity of their urban metabolism. Through a systematic literature review and case study approaches, the analysis disclose a wide-range of initiatives adopted by several European circular cities that optimise the circularity of urban metabolic flows, and contributes to the efforts in increasing understanding and awareness of the digitalisation driven by the urban metabolism circularity.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsCurve Lake First Nation (CLFN) in Ontario has a mainland Reserve area of 649 ha and a Reserve population of 1368; 768 of whom are CLFN members and 600 of whom are seasonal or permanent non-members. Land management is an amalgam - there is much formal land tenure through Certificates of Possession (CPs) and leases but little formal land use planning. A desire by CLFN (Chief and Council, Lands Committee, Lands Manager) for more formal land use planning drove this research. In 2019, 160 CLFN members participated in a land-use study. The results were aggregated into four categories: those that hold land (CP holders), those that do not hold land (non-CP holders), members living on-Reserve, and members living off-Reserve. CP holders and non-CP holders agreed that all parcels should be managed/used according to community values. There was similar agreement between on-Reserve members and off-Reserve members. However, there was little understanding of existing land tenure and land management regimes, and much uncertainty about the distinction between formal and informal land-use. Further analysis revealed, on the one hand, that there was a significant difference in knowledge about how Reserve land may be used between CP holders and non-CP holders, and between on-Reserve and off-Reserve members. We refer to this difference as a disconnect and found a correlation between informality and disconnect. On the other hand, there was no disconnect about the need for formal land-use policies and bylaws, which finding supports the CLFN community as it debates a land-use plan.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdAt the beginning of the new century, the European Landscape Convention (ELC) marked a paradigm shift in the conception of landscape, which now includes not only outstanding places but also everyday and even degraded landscapes as important to people's lives and identity. This requires competent authorities to define appropriate landscape policies to foster protection, management and planning of landscapes. A challenge is thus to find new approaches and tools to make the new concept translated into practice. This is particularly complex in countries like Italy, where landscape policies have been exclusively focused on protection through rigid zoning landscape plans. The case of the Apulia region, which is analysed in the paper, is of particular significance, as it started a radical process of transition in landscape policies few years after the approval of a very rigid regional landscape plan. The region was then the first one in Italy to approve, in 2015, a regional Territorial Landscape Plan (TLP) in line with the ELC. The paper analyses the transition pathway undertaken in the region. A particular attention is paid to the way innovative forms of landscape management and planning have been mobilized, supported and given long-term perspectives, while resistance to change have been lowered throughout the development and the implementation of the new TLP, thanks to a wide range of policy instrument mixes envisaged by the regional government. The Multi Level Perspective (MLP) is used for the analysis, due to its capacity to show the nested and bi-directional dynamics of change across multiple levels and the interactions between different sectors/actors.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdDespite metropolitan authorities and regional governments might not have direct spatial planning competencies on local land-use transformations, they can intervene (control and steer) on planned local development by means of their ‘intermediating capacity’. In the effort to relate supra-local governance and spatial planning factors with localised urban sprawl, I examined supra-local spatial planning practices and suburban patterns in the Barcelona and Milan urban regions by using a comparative, case-based, multi-data and multi-method research strategy. The analysis of soil sealing data shows that the Barcelona case presents a lower proportion of high and medium suburban areas (16–64% soil sealing) and less land consumption than the case of Milan, as well as a higher population density and land-use efficiency. The analysis of the supra-local spatial planning practices at the regional, metropolitan and provincial level (22 expert interviews) suggests that these different spatial patterns can be partially explained by different types of intermediating capacity. Findings show that more compact and less suburban spatial patterns are found when supra-local (regional) actors assess land-use plans by using both quantitative (control) and qualitative (steering) criteria and when binding area-wide (metropolitan) plans are present. In turn, political alignment across municipalities appears to be in itself not sufficient to limit suburban territorial expansion.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdLand-use pattern evolution is vital and essential for regional development. In northern China, hilly mountainous areas are widespread and have frequent mining activities. Analyze of the land-use evolutionary rule is a major barrier for making urban planning and identification suitable for various land-use types in these regions. This study has attempted from the perspective of Earth system science, using the FLUS model to simulate land-use pattern evolution in the stages of 2010‐2017 (test) and 2017–2025 (simulation) in Jincheng, Shanxi Province. The results show that (1) at the test stage, the FLUS model can better simulate the change in land-use types. The AUC value of all land-use types was greater than 0.8. Comparing the simulation results with the real land-use pattern in 2017, the global kappa value is 0.75, and the fom value is 0.43, which can be used for the forecast demand. (2) At the simulation stage, comprehensively considering natural, social, and economic factors, the land-use patterns are found to be spatially competitive in different scenarios. The planning scenario (PS) focused on the reasonable distribution of various industries, the ecological protection scenario (EPS) emphasized the importance of ecological land, and the sustainable development scenario (SDS) satisfied the needs of the socioeconomic system for various land-use types. (3) In general, analysis of land-use types change under the 3 different scenarios in the 15 years: the mountainous areas in the east and west were changed from grassland to forest, and the hilly and plain areas in the central part changed from farmland to forest.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdAverage population density has been a traditional urban sprawl indicator, but it is insufficient to encapsulate its detrimental impacts. We demonstrate that cities of identical average population density may be subject to very different levels of car dependency, CO2 emissions and public budget deficits. To capture this, we shed light into the properties of two “density-allocation” indicators: the percentage of urban land in which population density falls below a predetermined threshold value, and the fraction of the population living in such areas. Using unique data, we measure these indicators in more than 1100 urban areas of 29 OECD countries and at three time points: 1990, 2000 and 2014. We identify four different patterns for the coevolution of average population density and these indicators. The results show that densification of urban cores concurs with rapid suburbanization in many cities. We perform intertemporal cross-city and cross-country analyses and discuss the multiple policy implications emerging from them.
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