查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdAdministrative division adjustment (ADA) is the highest-level design policy for China's spatial management. Nevertheless, its impacts on urban land use change are still ambiguous, especially in mega-urban agglomerations. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the mechanism and effects of ADA on the urban expansion patterns of three mega-urban agglomerations in China, i.e., the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, by using geographic detector in conjunction with landscape pattern index. The results showed that ADA has a 10-year “significant impact” for urban expansion: a 0–5 year lag promoted outlying and edge-expansion and a 6–10 year lag accelerated infilling expansion. The ADA determined an average of 12.79%, 7.76%, and 5.04% of outlying, edge-, and infilling expansion during 2000–2018 by stimulating industrial and infrastructure development, guiding population movement and government investment, and accelerating urban renewal and public services equalization, respectively. Moreover, the promotional impacts of ADA gradually shifted from peripheral sprawl during 2000–2012 to infilling expansion during 2012–2018. Due to differences in industrial structure, urbanization, and development degree, ADA's urbanization effects were heterogeneous in three mega-urban agglomerations. This study helps decision-makers evaluate and formulate differentiated urban planning and land use policy to improve regional urban-rural integration and achieve sustainable development.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThe land integration and titling policy (LITP) is a grassroots innovation for implementing a top-down land titling policy (LTP) that has critical institutional economic implications. Although the LITP can increase land economies of scale, institutional costs and practical constraints also exist. Specifically, land heterogeneity and fragmentation directly restrict the LITP. This paper uses survey data from 1507 farmers in Yangshan, Guangdong, in 2017 and a logistic semiparametric model to conduct an empirical analysis. The results show that the heterogeneity of geological fertility, irrigation facilities, and farmland rent have a significant negative effect on implementation of the LITP, with geological fertility heterogeneity having the most significant effect. Villages with hilly and mountainous terrain have more difficulty implementing the LITP. The degree of land fragmentation within the land heterogeneity factor significantly inhibits the LITP. Roads for cultivation machines and irrigation facilities significantly promote the implementation of the LITP, and moreover, cultivation-machine roads effectively eliminate the inhibiting effect of land fragmentation on the LITP. The LITP has its own system space, and a good institution always needs an institutional device for smooth promotion. Heterogeneity and the fragmentation of land are hard constraints for integration and titling, but they can be resolved through agricultural production infrastructure. Findings suggest that the joint promotion of a core and a supplementary institution can have great significance for the smooth progress of mandatory institutional changes, e.g., land titling.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdKorea had experienced rapid urbanization and population increase that resulted in a shortage of housing and ensuing poor urban living environment. While past studies have much devoted to topics that relate to government intervention in overcoming the nation's housing shortage problem, this study examines the ways in which the Korean apartment model contributed to providing a decent living environment and outcompeting other housing types in Korea. Drawing on club theory, this study revisits market-based solutions that the Korean government devised to promote apartment-type housing and explores how they have accelerated the production and consumption of apartments and achieved an improved urban living environment. This study suggests that while the inclusion of territorial collective goods in residential development has become an effective and feasible way to enhance the overall housing environment, it has also stimulated homebuyers to prefer apartment-type housing in lieu of other housing types in Korea.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Land formalization for large-scale agricultural development has received renewed interest in academic and policy circles as a mechanism to spur economic development and growth. International development organizations increasingly promote large investments by private investors in the agriculture sector to enable access to capital and technology, and generate employment and productivity. This article uses a case study in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where the government seeks to attract large-scale transnational investments for oil palm production by formalizing large swathes of customary land. Employing a political economy approach to land rights, the case demonstrates how PNG's recent land formalization policy has been captured by powerful ‘big shots’ and companies, within an environment of weak and changing governance. The article highlights the importance of analyzing contextual factors such as the local political economy to understand the process and outcomes of land formalization attempts. To understand the distributional outcomes of land formalization, this article finds that it is less useful for governments and development agencies to ask if land formalization works, but rather for whom and under what conditions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdTransport development is widely recognized as one of the major drivers in shaping urban forms. While recent literature has documented the urban expansion effect of transport networks between cities, little is known about the effect within larger metropolitan areas. This study aims to find the causal relationships between highway expansion and two different aspects of urban development: urban expansion and urban sprawl in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). To obtain the causal effect, we employ historic transport infrastructure as instrumental variables. Our results show that improvement in highway access increases urban sprawl within the JMA, particularly within 40–50 km radius from the city centre. The results also confirm the existence of highway-led urban expansion in several districts within the JMA over the last three decades. This paper adds a piece of enticing evidence that highway expansion leads to a sprawling development of urban areas even within a large metropolitan area.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdIncumbent governments commonly increase public expenditures prior to elections in order to curry favor with voters and boost their chances of retaining office. This study, set in Albania, focuses on a non-fiscal approach to winning votes: condoning, or at least tolerating, informal construction activities in the residential sector prior to elections. We term this approach ‘election-driven informality’ (EDI). This study provides longitudinal statistical evidence for EDI using a proxy indicator for informal construction. We hypothesize and prove that EDI is a reality rather than a mere perception - primarily for the 2017 election. That was when the government's enforcement capacity in the construction sector was effective outside the election period. In a context where there is little moral value attached to law abidance, businesses or households that engage in informal economic activities might perceive a tolerant government as “magnanimous” and might be persuaded to support it in upcoming elections. From government's perspective, EDI presents an opportunity for a version of “pork barrel” politics where “tolerance” is applied selectively or differentially to households, businesses, or whole regions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdFinding solutions for the careful management of our natural heritage is fundamental to sustaining humanity on the planet. In this sense, nature-based solutions (NBS), which are useful initiatives aimed at addressing socio-environmental challenges to achieve a relatively more natural environment, can be a fundamental tool for reaching this goal in an urban context. However, there is no evidence that having NBS in urban cities could attract the young generations. The present study investigates Generation Z's interest in NBS and explores the possibility of them considering a city that offers NBS as a possible tourism destination. This study uses different NBS initiatives implemented in the metropolitan area of Turin. Using quantitative approaches to qualitative responses, that is, multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, a hierarchical cluster structure was designed and gradually explored to identify main groups of respondents and subsequently deeper partitions. The results show that Generation Z perceives NBS initiatives as important for safeguarding and enhancing the cultural and natural heritage of the urban areas involved, which can improve their touristic and leisure value. This study is particularly relevant since it can help institutions to consider a new approach to stimulating proximity tourism in urban cities and their surroundings, by valorizing NBS as a possible attraction for Generation Z.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThis paper investigates the impact of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies on farm employment in Hungary and Slovenia. Econometric models were estimated separately for total farm labor, family labor, and hired labor. We find that total subsidies and, within these, Pillar I subsidies, have positive effect on farm employment of paid labor in Hungary and family labor in Slovenia. Irrespective of the country and type of employment, farm employment is significantly positively associated with farm size. Mixed results are found for Pillar II and investment subsidies. Rural development measures with agri-environmental and less favored area subsidies, and investment subsidies are particularly important for the family farm labor in Slovenia, but not for the paid labor, neither the family farm labor in Hungary. The impact of control regional labor market variables is mixed between the employment of family farm and paid labor within and between the analyzed countries. A strong link between main type of farm employment, different types of CAP subsidies and farm size suggests on the importance of CAP subsidies for maintaining of farm employment and job creation for young and unemployed, and land use policy. This might explain farmers political demand for status quo with only minor CAP subsidy changes, with raising society awareness on monitoring of effective and efficient use of subsidies.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdAgricultural land abandonment is a relevant occurrence in mountainous and peripheral regions all over the world. While both positive and negative environmental consequences of this abandonment are documented (depending on the specific location and scale), in rural areas it is always linked to a reduction in production and income. To address some of these problems, the several administrative layers within the European Union (EU) have put in place public policies that focus either on the immediate causes or on the consequences. Policies aimed at promoting recultivating formerly abandoned fields have usually tried simultaneously to address both the causes (e.g., to increase farm productivity/output) and the consequences (i.e., to manage fields according to specific criteria), but the potential economic outcomes of these measures are unknown. In this paper, we estimate the effect of recultivation of abandoned farmland on the economy of a case study region in NW Spain (Galicia). We propose that this effect can be used to guide decisions on the viable expenditure levels of recultivation policy. Concerning the methodology, we relied upon geographic information systems to show the area of land suitable for recultivation is relevant: i.e. recultivation policies could result in an increase of at least 16% of current farmland. Using Standard Production Coefficients per hectare we show that the total output (at constant prices) generated by the recultivation of abandoned land would amount to 413.3 million euros/year. Calculations based on input output methods suggest that the benefits of the recultivation policies would be an increase of 1% of the total regional Gross Value Added (GVA). We show that the input-output methods underestimate the benefits of cultivation policies based on total factor productivity (TFP) improvements, which fundamentally come from the reallocation of factors among the rest of the sectors of the economy. In particular, if recultivation policies increase agricultural TFP by 26% (in order to increase the demand of land by 16%) the overall effect rises to around 3% of the total regional GVA. These results suggest that the margin for the implementation of recultivation policies before they turn unadvisable from a purely economic point of view is rather ample.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdSince the 1990 s, transit-oriented development (TOD) has been globally recognized as an approach to mitigate urban sprawl. However, few studies have explored the role of TOD in urban growth and sprawl of older cities with historical transits. Based on Tokyo, a transit-supported metropolis since the late 19th century, we investigated literature, statistics, and cartographies to explore TOD's influence on urban sprawl at the macro- and microscopic levels. With a mixed method research design, we present a text-based historical policy discussion followed by a data-based current condition discussion. These two discussions indicate that the transit system and TOD in Tokyo is historically path dependent with supportive policies, with an economic purpose-driven modal shift since the 1990 s and a social purpose-driven modal shift since the 2010 s. Currently, in macroscope, the transit-led urban growth divided Tokyo into a compact inner metropolis and sprawled peripheries. In microscope, informal urban-rural spaces were found to be widespread between transit corridors. These findings imply that TOD alone may not completely prevent urban sprawl but requires appropriate policies to make a difference. Older cities with historical transits confront different challenges and thus could offer purposeful lessons in practice.
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