查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdUrban stormwater management is one of the key challenges concerning sustainability in urban areas. Sustainable urban stormwater management (SUSM) has been increasingly adopted around the world and proved its effectiveness in enhancing sustainability and quality of life in cities. Nevertheless, these strategies are yet to be widely adopted in developing countries. This paper presents barriers to the widespread adoption of SUSM in Brazil, as a developing country case study with severe urban stormwater management problems. To achieve this objective, a thorough review of literature on the barriers has been conducted. An online survey has been designed and disseminated to different Brazilian participant stakeholder groups (i.e. public professionals, private professionals, teachers, and population) to identify the SUSM-related barriers in Brazil. The reviews recognized 31 potential barriers in literature which were categorized into six barrier types. Five of the evaluated barriers have been recognized by at least 80% of the respondents as the most important, namely: “Lack of design and maintenance standards”, “Lack of long-term planning”, “Lack of dissemination and knowledge”, “Lack of incentives”, and “Reluctance to change”. The barriers identified by this research are coherent with the SUSM adoption context in Brazil. These barriers are mainly related to knowledge about SUSM and similar to those diagnosed in previous studies in literature. Overcoming the common barriers is the prelude to effective SUSM solutions to increase urban stormwater sustainability in Brazil and in other developing countries. This paper also presents some initiatives adopted around the world to overcome these barriers, which could be used as reference to an effective public policy proposition.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdForest transitions in Latin America have long been presumed to be characterized by progressively stable, expansive reforestation. Numerous studies note a dynamism surrounding reforestation, however, including associations with forest loss. Such apparent contradictions were recently underscored by descriptions of Latin American ‘reforestation reversals’ – marked declines in forest cover following net reforestation. Reversals arguably challenge classical perspectives on forest transitions while predominating within regional forest-transition epicenters. Potential reversal dynamics, still subject to speculation, bring into focus the shortcoming of recent forest-transition scholarship, particularly its reliance on generic satellite observation and neglect of land-use transitions shaping, and sustaining, reforestation. To catalyze research in this domain, I explore reversals in relation to land-change dynamics commonly linked to reforestation. I further frame reversals as inherent features of emergent tropical forest transitions, advancing a ‘pulsed’ forest-transition model and emphasizing that apparent reversals may not entail waning reforestation trajectories. A greater embrace of systematic, historical case studies parsing reforestation between land use and disuse is key to a fuller understanding of both forest transitions and reversals.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdExtensive outdoor low-intensity livestock farming systems are the principal form of management of high natural value farmland in Europe. Their marginalisation and poor recognition in policies and markets, can ultimately risk the future of sustainable farming and their paired mosaic landscapes. Traditional high-quality meat products from Mediterranean pigs are produced in extensive-type production systems using native agro-pastoral resources. This is the case of the porc negre mallorquí, the Majorcan Black Pig (MBP), a traditional extensive pig breed native from Mallorca island (Balearic islands, Spain), characterised by its high rusticity and adaptation to the Mediterranean climatic conditions. In this study we assessed island dwellers’ preferences for management options for MBP, its agroecosystem and related products through a choice experiment valuation survey. Our results show overall societal support for improved breed conservation status, tree crop and product diversity. Outcomes of this study call for complementary policies to support this breed and its coupled agroecosystem where breed conservation and enhancement of landscape diversity through public funding is complemented with product innovation and premium niche markets for overall agroecosystem viability.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThe world-wide financial turn in land and urban development is now leading to financialised urban development, reflecting the rising influence of financial sector actors over the built environment. Observing Chinese and (South-)East Asian urban development, this collection interrogates financial sources and instruments as well as actors in variegated development practices. First, these studies confirm the wide spread of financialised urban development in the region and provide in-depth knowledge of financial operations associated with rental housing, infrastructure development, land and urban regeneration, which demonstrate remarkable similarities to Western economies. Second, the collection further reveals state agencies in financialised urban development, echoing recent research on the role of the state in financialisation. Third, these studies identify variegated developmental intentions and the contradiction between developmentalism and financial logic, which inevitably means that financialised urban development can be neither entirely entrepreneurial nor a smooth process of financialised value extraction. The studies highlight that, besides large development and financial corporations, the state utilises financial sector actors and deploys financial instruments that are often created by the state itself, such as a sovereign wealth fund or state-owned enterprises across spatial scales, to achieve its developmentalism and at the same time enhance statecraft.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsDeveloping countries often design programs that bundle poverty reduction and environment goals. One such program is the Ethiopian food-for-work program in which participants get food or cash in return for participating in environmental protection, typically, forest and soil conservation works. While the economic impacts have been well investigated, little is known about the program's environmental impact and the willingness to participate in such programs. We elicit Ethiopian farmers’ willingness to participate in a hypothetical afforestation program that mimics the components of the Ethiopian food-for-work program. We find that introducing food incentives decreases willingness to participate in the program. The participation rate, however, increases with an increase in the proportion of individuals selected for the food incentive. Our data points to signaling as the likely channel for the non-linearity of the participation rate in response to an increase in the share of food incentive recipients. These results suggest that (1) food-for-work programs could have unintended negative environmental effects and (2) directions for design reform that could mitigate such negative effects.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThis research contributes to the debate on the role of property rights in land and resource management. Its premise is that group/shared/collective ownership structures, such as partnerships, collective companies, corporations, associations, communities, and families are pervasive in the economy and in social life. According to Buchanan's theory of clubs, these structures cover “a whole spectrum of ownership-consumption (1965, p.1) possibilities” between the two extreme forms – purely private and purely public. The paper's main contribution is that it defines the degree of privateness/publicness as a fundamental feature of shared/group institutions and organisations. The main function of the degree of privateness/publicness is to allow people to achieve a scale of ownership as close as possible to the optimal scale of use of resources for various economic and social activities. The thesis of the paper is that spatial and urban development is a series of institutional transformations, driven by the need to establish a scale of ownership of resources that corresponds to the optimal scale of their use. To test this finding, the paper compares the changes in the degree of privateness/publicness and the scale of land ownership in the three largest Bulgarian Black Sea resorts during the post-socialist period of privatisation. It draws on the above-described theory to explain the disparate and controversial results in these resorts. Finally, it suggests implications for land use management.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier Ltd“Zero deforestation” commitments are pledges by companies to avoid deforestation when producing palm oil. Zero deforestation can be implemented using the High Carbon Stock Approach (HCSA), a tool that distinguishes forests from degraded land which can be developed. In highly forested countries like Gabon, zero deforestation may conflict with national economic goals involving palm oil and other agricultural commodities. We investigated perspectives of stakeholders in Gabon about zero deforestation and the HCSA using Critical Systems Heuristics, a systems thinking methodology. In 25 interviews with government, NGOs, companies, and research institutions, and two focus groups with rural communities, we identified three contrasting perspectives on forest conservation and agro-industrial development: international, national, and local. Zero deforestation represents an international perspective that marginalises issues from a national perspective. This may produce unintended consequences that undermine the legitimacy of zero deforestation, including conversion of Gabon's savannahs and disincentives for sustainable business. From a local perspective, zero deforestation is embedded in an agro-industrial vision that may marginalise value judgements concerning forests and traditional livelihoods. Gabon's National Land Use Plan could help reconcile the three perspectives but requires recognition by international standards. Adapting the HCSA to Gabon's context should also be considered to promote legitimacy. Research is required to ensure proposed institutional arrangements deliver equitable multi-stakeholder participation in land-use planning. Gabon's case shows the applicability of zero deforestation to all highly forested countries cannot be assumed. Improved international understanding of national contexts, and flexibility in applying “zero deforestation”, is important for designing effective and equitable international standards for sustainable agricultural production.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThere are ideas that urban agriculture could assist in creating sustainable cities. However, little information is available on its financial benefits. Integrating Value Engineering (VE), Risk Management (RM) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques in this research improved the design and economical aspects of a city park based on urban agricultural development. This research was carried out on a part of Chehelbazeh Park in Mashhad, Iran. The base plan was designed based on conventional park design approach, and the proposed agricultural plan was designed by applying urban agricultural approach. In this study, based on the cost-benefit value index, the index of the base conventional plan was 0.86, which is considered uneconomic, and that of the proposed agricultural plan was 4.08. According to the results of this study, using urban agriculture in city landscapes can have high profitability and low risks. In general, VE, RM, and MCDM techniques can be used collectively as valuable tools in the design and maintenance of urban parks to achieve sustainability while making efficient use of the budget. The methodology of this study provides a decision-making framework for urban landscapes and can help policymakers, urban planners, and researchers on planning or designing urban parks in other countries. Also, it makes it easier for urban landscape managers and decision-makers to understand the importance of using fruit trees, vegetables, and other productive plants in urban landscaping.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdChinese population growth has led to an increase in the demand for grain. Thus, it is of great importance to carry out spatiotemporal assessments of the dynamic of potential cultivated land in China, especially in dryland sensitive to climate change. Considering that previous assessments conducted at large scales were often dependent on abundant indicators, which are not easy to obtain or map at high spatiotemporal resolutions, this study combined remote-sensing images and support vector machine (SVM) model to identify the dynamics of potential cultivated land and non-cultivated land in the dryland of China. First, among several vegetation indicators during the growing season, the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) in August was the most highly correlated with the yield (R2 =0.72). Second, the potential cultivated land that has not been cultivated was mainly distributed in the northwest and the northeast of the dryland of China, while the potential non-cultivated land that has been cultivated was mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau. According to different models, the area of potential non-cultivated land was 2.78 – 15.68 times that of potential cultivated land. Last, benefitting from the wetting trend, the potential cultivated land in the dryland of China expanded from 2001 to 2015. The area of potential cultivated in 2011–2015 was 34.39% more than that in 2001–2005. These findings provide both new methodological support for the simplified assessment of the potential cultivated land and quantitative evidence indicating the maximum potential capacity for cultivation in China's dryland.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThis study explores differences in the effects of rail transit investment across various types of lands with different values and locations, using the development of Seoul Metro Line 9 (SML9) in Korea as a case. Seoul Metro Line 9′s proximity, neighbourhood and wider economic effects are assessed. A spatial autoregressive difference-in-difference (SAR-DID) model is developed to control for the issue of spatial autocorrelation, together with a standard difference-in-difference model and a quantile regression model. The findings of these analyses are as follows. First, office and apartment lands received the largest proximity and wider economic benefits from SML9 development in their respective category. Second, SML9′s neighbourhood effects are larger for lands that increased their business and development opportunities due to the opening of SML9, such as retail and low-rise multi-family house lands. Third, the proximity and wider economic effects of rail transit investment and its neighbourhood effect generally increase with proximity to a rail station. Finally, residential and commercial lands at low price levels received fewer benefits from the completion of SML9 than those at the upper price levels. These differences are related to the various factors presented in this paper, such as the amount of capital accumulated on the lands, the number of users of the network on the lands and the different nature of each type of residential and commercial land. Based on the improved understanding of the relationship between the effects of rail transit investment and land characteristics, a well-organised land use plan for new rail transit projects can be formulated. An important implication for policymakers is that a well-organised land use plan can not only regulate land uses in the area of rail stations, but is also one of key tools to promote successful rail transit projects in urban areas.
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