查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdUrban development rules are examined in this paper from macroscopic and microscopic perspective. At the macro level, 99 global economies from 1991 to 2018 were selected and divided into two sub-samples of developed and developing economies to study the historical rule of urbanization. As urbanization level progresses, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the population proportion of large cities and degree of urbanization; population mobility experiences a process of first concentration and then dispersion. Based on the full sample, when the average urbanization rate reaches about 75.94%, the population-carrying capacity of large cities approaches the saturation value. In sub-samples, the turning point of the urbanization rate is about 56% for developing economies and 87% for developed economies. At the micro level, an agent-based model was adopted to simulate urbanization. Using China's data to set the parameters, the results show that the evolution of urbanization follows a general rule of prioritizing the development of large cities. The local government's dependence on “land finance” and consequently high housing prices will restrict urbanization development, which hinders population growth in large cities. These findings may prove helpful to government in urbanization related policy-making, especially land system and related policies.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsDeforestation is a matter of serious global concern. Establishing protected areas (PAs), which cover nearly 15% of the world's surface, is one of the leading approaches to forest conservation. The recent global expansion of PAs has led to the inclusion of local communities in the forest management process, an approach referred to as “co-management.” PAs under co-management are expected to conserve biodiversity while providing support to local communities. This trend for forest co-management has shown mixed results, and a better understanding of its impact on forests and people is required. This study attempts to explore the forest-cover change in a PA of Bangladesh—the Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary (TWS). Remote sensing will be used to assess the land-cover change, followed by a household survey to define the impact of local settlements responsible for this change. To analyze the impact of PA and co-management on forest cover, satellite images from 1989, 2007, 2009, and 2015 were considered due to the availability of quality images. The study found that from 1989 to 2015, the region saw a 46% decrease in forest cover compared to 64% inside the PA boundary; deforestation occurred more inside the PA than outside. Moreover, after the implementation of a co-management approach, the rate of deforestation increased inside the PA. Besides the forest conversion, the tree coverage shifted from the core forest area toward the settlement area, causing serious negative impacts on biodiversity. The household survey listed 57,404 households in the region, among which 5195 were situated inside the PA. Co-management in PAs was intended to involve local communities in forest management, but this study showed that the local community is causing more deforestation and shifting the tree coverage towards the forest boundaries. The creation of a large, multi-use buffer zone to ensure the long-term tenure of the core forest area could be a viable option. Such buffer zones can provide effective security and enhance local people's livelihoods.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThis paper aims to document “the Gudo culture” in the Sheka zone, south-western Ethiopia from 2016 to 2019. The study adopted criterion sampling for this study in line with an ethnographic method involving the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistical data techniques were used to analyse the field data. Qualitative methods involving interviews and focus group discussions with villagers are used to gather data. Eighty-five percent (85%) of respondents confirmed that the sacred forest is a cultural symbol related to indigenous beliefs and signifies spiritual connections to the forestland. Wide conservation practices were observed (a) people's beliefs, (b) conservation mechanisms, (c) taboos and totems, and (d) people's knowledge of the sacred forest (e) forbidden Forest (f) spiritual significance of sacred forests (g) conservation and management of sacred forests (h) cutting of trees in the sacred forest (i) protection of the sacred forest (j) conservation of biodiversity. This paper concludes that Gudo forest conservation culture provides important insights into protecting various forest types and tree species, contributing to biodiversity conservation.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThe main aim of the paper is to systematise the terms and methodologies used in the property valuation and market analyses domain (single property or mass valuation). The need for this is justified by different semantic and procedural approaches and legal regulations in countries around the world. The research was carried out using the method of critical analysis of current state-of-art literature of the subject, valuation standards, and opinions of practitioners and experts of real estate markets available on social media. Answers of international respondents were gathered as well by using questionnaires. The paper fulfils the gap in perception and comprehension of specific terms and modern tools by entities connected with real estate domain. The clash of two extreme realities is being dealt with: on the one hand, traditional solutions based on universally accepted methods and techniques as well as faith in the infallibility and objectivity of a human analysing the real estate market dominate; on the other, modern technologies that are boldly entering. The main conclusion of the study is that entities should change perception of different automated solutions (e. g. AVM, CAMA, AAVM) as being operating in contradiction to ingrained methods and use them as an additional tool.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdDue to the depletion of fossil fuel resources, interest in renewable energy sources is steadily increasing in the world. Turkey, is very rich in terms of its solar energy potential enabling it to use the sun as a means of generating energy. Thanks to marginal lands such as non-residential areas, agricultural areas and industrial areas, electricity production is provided by means of renewable energy sources. Since land is a scarce resource, optimal use of it is a spatial necessity. In developed societies its usage is determined in the environmental plan based on criteria related to industry, agriculture etc. and presented to decision makers for their approval. However, in these plans, natural energy potentials such as the sun and wind can often be ignored. This lack of planning hinders the effective utilization of the solar energy potential. A case study has been carried out to better understand this issue. The most commonly used Solar Power Plant criteria have been determined with the literature review, an informal interview with SPP experts and the authors’ experiences and these criteria have been weighted with the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. A cost-surface map has been produced for the study area and the environmental plan has been associated with it. It has been determined that areas that have a very high solar energy potential in the cost-surface map have been planned for urban, commercial or different purposes in the environmental plans. In spite of the fact that the solar energy potential atlas shows the same solar potential for the study area, there are still huge differences in terms of solar energy potential among some regions in the study area. For this reason, it is not logical to build SPP facilities based only on the solar energy potential atlas. It is suggested to determine natural energy potential spatially throughout the country and consider it before the environmental plans are prepared. In addition, those wanting to research this subject are recommended to conduct studies in areas promoting alternative methods according to alternative site selection criteria including geographical and soil characteristics.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsEgypt has been facing substantial unplanned human settlement growth on agricultural land since the 1950s. Although plans to better manage future settlement growth are ongoing, a full understanding of unplanned settlement growth on agricultural land remains lacking. This study investigated why and how unplanned human settlement growth occurs in Assiut Governorate, the Nile Valley. A mixed-method approach combining the institutional resource regime framework, template analysis, and process tracing was used to gain insights into those mechanisms that generate unplanned growth. Analyzing the institutional land regime between 1805 and 2020 revealed that various public policies have existed alongside of land use and property rights, but the overall regime remains incoherent. In-depth interviews with stakeholders in Assiut Governorate highlighted that the informality in Assiut was driven by institutional and political, cultural, and economic forces (a total of 26 forces). Process tracing showed that the key mechanism behind unplanned settlement growth has existed since the 1950s and is triggered by a combination of incoherent public policy, land use and property rights. These results suggest that the current national development plan (2052 Vision) will most probably lead to similar setbacks if the land regime's complexity and incoherence are not addressed. They also revealed that several informal institutions and local values and customs could also be significant obstacles to effective regulation of the development of agricultural land in the Nile Valley and Delta Region.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThe growth of the urban population has generated unequal access to basic infrastructure and creates heterogeneous spaces in the urban fabric. In this sense, it is necessary to rethink the use of land with alternatives to promote the adequate use of these urban spaces. Urban regeneration (UR) is a construct aimed at studying the use of urban spaces, and social innovation seeks to develop innovative solutions to social problems. Thus, this article aims to analyze characteristics of social innovation that can contribute to urban regeneration. For that, an integrative systematic literature review was used, in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and Portal de Periódicos Capes. As a result, nine characteristics of social innovation stand out that contribute to urban regeneration projects to achieve more inclusive and sustainable results: networks, social relations, collaboration, social cohesion, satisfaction of human needs, improvements in quality of life, empowerment, sustainability, and scalability. The research contributes to broadening the discussion on urban regeneration with differentiated approaches, in addition to contributing to urban managers, society, cities, and organizations.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021How to ensure adequate provision of public services in protected area management is a well-known debate. By using the credibility thesis as a theoretical and methodological tool, this paper furnishes a renewed look at how administrative changes affect the provision of public services. For this purpose, a detailed case-study is presented: the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve in China. The analysis covers a period of 36 years (1982–2018) of administrative change in the protected area. It will be ascertained that the levels of administration for the reserve kept increasing, along with continuous changes in the corresponding government structure. The latter became increasingly centralized, leading to significant stagnation of the government at the “form” level and subsequent failure at the “function” level. Problems culminated in 2013 as large-scale social protests erupted, after which local villagers took matters into their own hands and single-handedly developed a rural development plan, which eventually received approval from the authorities. This detailed study shows that to overcome the deficiencies of a stalled governance system and improve credibility, the specific form of institutions – a centralized or decentralized administration – is of secondary importance as compared to the establishment and implementation of unambiguous policies, along with increased local participation, and transparent distribution of management responsibilities and authority.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdDeforestation and environmental contamination from the expansion of neoliberal agriculture, including transgenic soy, turned the municipality of Hopelchén, in the Mexican state of Campeche, into a focus of cultural and economic tensions. Previous studies focused on analyzing the conflict between the original population, Maya traditional farmers and beekeepers, and the recently arrived migrants, Mennonite industrial farmers. We used ‘A Theory of Access’ (Ribot and Peluso 2003) to analyze everyday interactions and relations among the two ethnic groups, and opinions of Maya farmers on Mennonites presence in the area. Our sources of data were scientific publications and interviews with local farmers. We found that Mennonites have a broader “bundle of powers” since they have more capital, farm machinery, technical agricultural knowledge, and organizational and entrepreneurial skills than Maya farmers. Besides the reported conflicts, Maya and Mennonite farmers also enter into many everyday interactions and relations of cooperation and mutual dependence. These results may inform the design of public policies for sustainable rural development, including the national REDD+ strategy, to promote positive environmental and economic changes and help to ameliorate social conflict in the municipality.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdEarth has entered the century of city. Horizontal urban expansion has long been studied and is relatively well understood, but the knowledge of the vertical profiles of built structures remains limited. Here we propose a spatially explicit ensemble model and map the wall-to-wall building height of the three most urbanized Chinese cities in 2017 based on open-access Sentinel-1 SAR data, biophysical indices derived from Sentinel-2 multispectral imageries, and nighttime light (NTL) intensity. We further conduct a chronosequence analysis of the building height for these cities along with their horizontal urban expansion between 1985 and 2017. We show that our proposed method performs well in generating 1 km × 1 km building height maps in Beijing (R2 = 0.87, RMSE = 3.53 m), Shanghai (R2 = 0.82, RMSE = 4.21 m), and Shenzhen (R2 = 0.78, RMSE = 6.92 m). Shenzhen has the tallest (mean building height (MBH) = 37.63 m) and most diverse (coefficient of variation (CV) = 63.84%) vertical landscapes, followed by Shanghai (MBH = 29.86 m, CV= 51.14%). And the vertical profile is the lowest (MBH = 19.21 m) and relatively homogeneous (CV = 44.93%) in Beijing. We also find that vertical urban profiles are coupled with horizontal urban expansion, evidenced by an increase in building height along with the decreasing proximity to urban centers and the increasing urbanization intensity, and a clear imprint of urbanization age in all three cities. The specific characteristics vary among cities due primarily to local urbanization strategies. The knowledge of the vertical profiles of the three most urbanized Chinese cities complements the horizontal insights into urbanization and can assist sustainable land use and urban planning.
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