查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdWhat does resilience mean when it's applied to adapting the food system to climate change? The term is a "boundary object": it has multiple definitions which do not necessarily correspond. While this slippery state can serve to unite different actors, it can also be co-opted by government to twist transformative adaptation into maintaining the status quo. We compared the definitions of resilience between two datasets: the conclusions and responses to the Canadian government's recent inquiries into climate change and agriculture, and semi-structured interviews with small-scale farmers in the Canadian Maritimes (n = 37). The differences between the two suggest that government institutions may be creating policy which perpetuates status quo industrial agriculture without acknowledging farmers’ differing conceptions of climate resilience for the food system. The findings highlight the need for the definition of resilience in climate and agriculture policy to be problematized and diversified. It corroborates the calls in adaptation theory for resilience to be understood as a normative term rather than a politically neutral one; and for broader inclusion of concerned stakeholders in consultations.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdDue to the effects of climate change, coastal areas and communities around the world will be increasingly impacted by diverse hazards including sea-level rise, flooding and eroding shorelines, leading to increasing displacement of people. Managed retreat is one potential adaptation strategy to proactively plan for large-scale climate-related displacements. There is, however, evidence that in many cases managed retreat has had problematic social impacts and that it has frequently been implemented through top-down models of planning. In response, this article reviews the literature on managed retreat to identify the limitations of current practices and the challenges for a more environmentally just approach. Based on this review, the article argues that a coproduction approach would provide a means to help address key planning challenges in this field. This involves collecting local knowledge of the risks posed by climate hazards and/or retreat, creating a connection between local knowledge and institutional mechanisms for supported relocation and facilitating community-led processes of retreat and redevelopment. The key contribution of the article is its analysis of the value of a coproduction approach from the perspective of achieving a more environmentally just approach to managed retreat.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe trade-off/synergy between planned ecological land and farmland is of great significance to food security, economic development and ecological environment protection in black soil region, and has become a global strategic issue related to the sustainable development of human society. Land use/cover (LUC) simulation model can be used to formulate sustainable land use strategies that balance farmland use and ecological environment protection. In this study, we combined the grey attribute of land resources with the complexity of land use/cover change (LUCC). By integrating grey Markov model and Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS) model, we discussed the characteristics of historical LUCC in Songnen Plain from 2000 to 2020, and simulated the LUC pattern of Songnen Plain in 2040 under different scenarios. At the same time, the landscape gradient evolution of ecological land and farmland under different scenarios from 2000 to 2020 and 2040 were quantitative analyzed in order to clarify the changes of ecological land and farmland in the study area in the past and future, which provided a basis for the tradeoff / synergy between farmland and ecological land. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The LUCC in 2020 was simulated with the Kappa coefficient was 0.82, the figure of merit (FOM) coefficient was 0.31, which verified the rationality of the accuracy of the model. (2) Whether it is baseline development (BL) scenario, farmland protection (FP) scenario, ecological protection (EP) scenario and black land protection (BP)scenario, the transformation of farmland and ecological land was distributed in the central and western areas, the transformation frequency of farmland, wetland and grassland was higher. (3) Landscape gradient analysis showed the degree of fragmentation of ecological land in Songnen Plain was high, and the anti-interference ability of farmland is strong. (4) The whole region is a trade-off between the two landscape, and the trade-off in the typical black soil area is about 20% higher than the non-typical black soil area. Black land protection scenario may be the best solution to coordinate the sustainable development of farmland and ecological land in the future. These studies will not only provide a theoretical basis for regional land management decision-making and urban planning and construction, but also provide some reference for its economic construction and sustainable development.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdConventional agri-environmental schemes (AES) have been criticized for failing to exploit conservation synergies that could be obtained from spatial coordination of conservation efforts. Understanding the design and implementation of novel incentive mechanisms explicitly designed to boost spatial coordination of conservation efforts is, therefore, of critical importance. We conducted the first systematic review of such incentives (‘Spatial Coordination Incentives’), including Agglomeration Bonus, Threshold Bonus, and Threshold Payments. The review aims to investigate these incentives’ performance and identify the underlying factors affecting their performance. An extensive bibliographic search was carried out and 55 papers were included in the final analysis. Most papers (89%) are theoretical and experimental studies. Real-world applications of these incentives are rare. The theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that these incentives could potentially promote participation, spatial coordination, and environmental effectiveness. However, the results remain a subject of debate in experimental studies. Performance variation is attributed to scheme design features and contextual factors. We highlight the areas where future work would be most warranted to further validate the performance of these incentives. Insights gained from the review provide important implications for the emerging field of conservation science and ongoing efforts to improve the design of AES for better landscape-scale management.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsOne of the main aims of the EU's common agricultural policy (CAP) is to promote the development of rural areas. Although there is a rich abundance of academic literature on the impacts of the CAP on rural areas, there has yet to be a comprehensive overview on the effects. The paper aims to fill this gap by providing a systematic literature review on the impacts of the CAP on the socioeconomic situation in EU's rural areas. A two-stage search procedure to identify the relevant literature is employed. Only 59 publications that estimated the socioeconomic impacts of the CAP were found. The main findings are the following: the reviewed studies have found CAP to have no significant impacts on rural development as an abstract concept and the rural population; positive but negligible effects on economic output, the generational change in farming and gender equality; a positive effect on employment; and limited or inconclusive evidence about the impact on economic diversification, regional cohesion and civil participation.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdWith the rapid development of human society, the self-regulation ability of ecosystem services has lagged far behind the degree of human destruction. As an effective environmental incentive policy, ecological compensation plays an important role in improving the ecology of all regions in the world. This study discussed the willingness of farmers to participate in ecological compensation in the Yangtze River Economic Belt based on the results of a questionnaire, analyzed the influencing factors, established differential ecological compensation standards, and explained the coupling relationship between ecological compensation and ecosystem services. First, the contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to analyze the ratio of farmers' willingness to accept and willingness to pay and to identify the factors affecting farmers' willingness to accept ecological compensation. The minimum-data approach was used to establish different types of ecological compensation standards in various administrative regions of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Finally, the efficient guidelines for ecological compensation standards were analyzed. The results showed that the expected value ratio of farmers' willingness to accept and willingness to pay in the Yangtze River Economic Belt was 9.26 times, the actual compensation standard was generally lower than the theoretical compensation standard, and the degree of participation in seven administrative regions was less than 10%. When the compensation standard reached a certain threshold, the supply of ecosystem services would exceed the needs of regional development, leading to a “marginal effect”, so compensation standard should be no longer increased. The results of this study provide scientific advice for formulating compensation standards, perfecting the ecological compensation mechanism, and improving the efficiency of ecological compensation in the rapidly developing regions represented by the Yangtze River Economic Belt.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsThe old cadastral maps of the Spanish General Directorate for Cadastre (DGC) have always been in great demand. It was decided in 2012 to make an initial inventory of these maps with the type of information available, physical location, and condition. Subsequently, to evaluate their possible use, the inventory was examined to investigate whether these maps could be geographically referenced and made available on a geoportal. Several years later, it was determined that the inventory needed to be updated with a series of improvements (expanding the fields so that they become clearer, homogeneous, and more easily handled by software). A questionnaire was issued to technical specialists on property boundaries. As a principal conclusion we can highlight that the use of old cadastral maps in Spain is of great importance. The information on these maps is widely demanded by technical and legal experts who consider that an update and revision of the DGC inventory is essential. It is crucial that old cadastral maps are digitised and made available online, preferably free of charge and through an easy-to-use geoportal. The information on these maps helps to resolve property boundary disputes and has many other uses. Investment in the economic and human resources needed to preserve and publish these maps is essential given their great value.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdPublic preferences for sustainable land use policy instruments and the motivations behind such preferences are important to make appropriate policies. Based on survey data (n = 309) from northeastern Somalia, we examined preferences for a set of land use policy instruments relative to no policy (i.e. the current status quo) and how cultural worldviews predict such preferences. We used a multinomial logit model to analyze the comparative evaluation of choices due to its interpretability and robustness to violations of normality. Overall, the results show that the respondents are likely to consent to all types of land use policy instruments relative to no policy and are more inclined to market-based and informational policy instruments. Specifically, preferences for regulatory policy instruments are positively associated with hierarchy and egalitarian worldviews and are negatively associated with fatalism and individualistic worldviews with only hierarchy and fatalism are significant. The market-based policy instrument is desirable to all cultural worldviews except fatalism, but only egalitarian and individual worldviews are significant. Preferences for informational policy instruments are positively associated with all cultural worldviews but only egalitarian worldviews showed a significant effect. Although there are some contradictions, these results are broadly consistent with the proposition of the cultural theory of risk. This study highlights that preferences for land use policies are heterogeneous with cultural worldviews mainly explaining the sources of this heterogeneity. It is evident that the respondents were willing to consent to land use policies relative to the status quo of no policy and indicates the need for concerted effort to reduce land degradation and deforestation in the country. We, therefore, recommend that policymakers incorporate the different ways that humans perceive and interpret social-environmental relations into policy decisions to achieve sustainable policy outcomes.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier LtdThe article uses an interdisciplinary approach to study the links between urbanization and the state of the green infrastructure of the metropolis, which indicates the possibility of providing ecosystem services. This is important for the formation of a better management policy of green urban space for the sustainable development of the metropolis. In order to allow creation of forecast in time, spatial and statistical analysis of the relationship between the criteria of urbanization and ecosystem services were done, which resulted in spatial analysis – showing the distribution of the study area by condition and viability of green plantations depending on the level of urbanization to visualize their complex structure and condition. Indicators of urbanization were researched: 1) urbanization Index (UI); 2) Anthropogenic load index (Jal); 3) water erosion of the soil; 4) adventization index of grass cover (Inn); 5) nitrophils in grass tirer; and environmental indicators. Three most important groups of ecosystem services (ES) were identified quantitatively: 1) habitat quality, regulating ES – park area, mortality of trees, canopy density, stand condition index (Is), integral indicator of the impact significance (W), natural value index (Inv); 2) biodiversity conservation – Hstr, Biodiversity Indices; 3) provision of recreational ES – t, R. It was found that urbanization has a direct negative impact on ES, which contributes to the reduction of biodiversity, area, structure and condition of park ecosystems (PE). According to the proposed indices, the studied Kyiv park ecosystems form two large groups – 1) with a significant anthropogenic load and 2) with the best preservation of the forest environment, complex biotic structure. We made recommendations on the policy of management and preservation of green infrastructure in the context of rapid urbanization, especially on park ecosystems of the second group.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdGreen spaces have become an essential part of urban development due to the numerous ecosystem services they provide. Rapid urbanization in developing countries like Bangladesh has created enormous pressure on green spaces. The study investigated the changing pattern of green spaces resulting from unplanned urbanization in Chattogram city and how the topographic gradients of elevation and slope influence the change. Landsat TM and Landsat OLI data from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 were used to produce land use/land cover maps. ASTER digital elevation model was used to derive topographic attributes of elevation and slope. Supervised image classification with maximum likelihood classification algorithm was applied for land use/land cover classification using ArcGIS 10.3. Five land use/land cover types were identified with an overall accuracy of 90% and kappa statistics of 87.3. Changes along topographic gradients were assessed in the GIS environment using overlay analysis. The results show that area coverage of green spaces decreased from 68.34% in 1990 to 36.51% in 2020. The study found a decrease in all green spaces- forest cover (9.9%), agricultural land (7.6%) and vegetation cover (14.3%) from 1990 to 2020. The decrease of green spaces was mainly due to the expansion of built-up areas, about 51.32 km2 area of green spaces were transformed into built-up areas during the period. The changes mostly occurred along low to moderate elevation (0–26 m) and gentle to moderate slope (0–15%) gradients. Green spaces decreased along all topographic gradients but the decreasing trend of forest cover was relatively low in high to very high elevation (26–88 m) and steep to very steep slope (15–66%) gradients. Such a setting can be used to expand forest cover in areas with similar topographic conditions. Built-up areas increased along all topographic gradients, increasing the risk of land degradation. The study has the potential to provide practical information to the local planners for sustainable land use management in Chattogram city.
NSTL
Elsevier