查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdProclaiming a protected area (PA) is an effective strategy for establishing a perdurable ecosystem, exerting trenchant socioeconomic impacts on local communities. Determining PAs’ effect on the household livelihoods of the residents is essential for harmonizing ecological protection measures and human livelihood development. Yet few studies concerning the socioeconomic effects of PAs on indigenous household livelihoods have been conducted in China's protected areas. Therefore, household surveys were conducted in Three-River-Source Region (TRSR) to examine livelihood changes occurring before and after the establishment of the Three-River-Source National Park (TRSNP) and to limn the factors responsible for the changes of household livelihoods in the PA and the nearby non-protected area (NPA). Results showed that in TRSR, grazing activities were restricted in the PAs after the implementation of the TRSNP, yet the restrictions did not result in a significant decrease in grazing income. Subsidies from the PA were a large portion of total household income, partly resulting in higher total income in the PA than in the NPA. Once subsidies cease, household incomes in the PA may substantially decrease. The number of income sources increased in both the PA and NPA, but the PA stimulated households to find alternative income sources to secure livelihoods. The number of the labor force and livestock and the areas of farmland and grassland were the primary factors affecting total household income. Our results suggest that the policy of PAs’ establishment should be implemented continuing in TRSR to protect the environment. Prudent consideration and multifaceted guidance are still required to strengthen local livelihoods in TRSR. Balanced ecological and economic development is possible when appropriate management approaches such as franchising are adopted.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdFarmland expansion, including area and pattern, has become one of the main manifestations of global land use change during the last century. Since the reform and opening up, Heilongjiang Province has experienced a constant expansion of farmland, mainly in Songnen Plain (SNP) and Sanjiang Plain (SJP). However, the spatial–temporal heterogeneity of farmland expansion intensity and influencing factors remains unclear. Based on land use change trajectory, this study explored the spatial–temporal characteristics of farmland expansion in SNP and SJP from 1980 to 2018, by using the farmland expansion intensity index (FEI), farmland expansion intensity differentiation index (FEDI), and revealed the influencing factors from the qualitative and quantitative perspectives. Results show that (1) The farmland area in SNP and SJP demonstrated an absolute expansion trend, and the scale in SJP was relatively more significant. The newly added farmland resulted from ecological land reclamation, distributed in SNP by infilling expansion, while in SJP by edge expansion. (2) The trend of farmland expansion intensity in these two plains fluctuated over time. Counties in SNP mainly had low- and medium-rate farmland expansion intensity, and those areas with medium-rate expansion were mainly located on the edge of plain. The farmland expansion intensity in SJP gradually increased from southwest to northeast, and those areas with high-rate expansion intensity were mainly located in the northeast and east. (3) Socio-economic context and national policies were the main factors driving farmland expansion. Slope is the main limiting factor with the widest range and the highest intensity, and 63.53% and 76.78% of the grid including the newly added farmland in SNP and SJP, respectively, were prominently influenced. The results reveal the change process and main influencing factors of farmland expansion in Heilongjiang Province, and provide reference for differential protection of farmland.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdIn this introduction to the themed issue, “Behavioural Land Use Policy Studies”, we firstly provide a brief review of the current state of behavioural studies in land use policy, followed by a discussion of behavioural biases that are most relevant to land use policymaking. Next, we summarise the seven papers included in this themed issue. The behavioural topics explored by these papers include endowment effect, prospect theory, nudge, trust, social norms, time preference, and loss aversion. Our review of the literature examines the role played by Land Use Policy in applications of behavioural insights in environmental studies in general and land use policy studies in particular. The papers included in this themed issue push this research frontier by using large survey datasets from the field, and by investigating some under-researched behavioural tools (e.g., nudge). We conclude by suggesting research gaps to be filled by future behavioural land use policy studies.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdImproved rice varieties adoption has been identified as a critical policy instrument that could transform Ghana`s agriculture sector. This paper aims to present the theoretical framework of rice farmers` adoption decisions under heterogeneous risk preference in the context of Northern Ghana`s culture and religion. The research incorporates cultural and religious norms into socio-economic factors and analyses production uncertainty. The analysis first estimates the first-order profit moment, estimates farmers' relative risk premium and integrates the findings to a binary probit model. This paper uses survey data from 464 farmers from three cultural and three religious groups in Northern Ghana. The results show that risk preference, cultural norms and religious values affect farmers` probability of adopting improved rice varieties. The paper provides evidence that a reduction in production uncertainty through crop insurance and the inclusion of cultural and religious leaders are critical policy interventions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe involvement of land users, such as farmers and herders, is crucial in protecting ecosystems, and the Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) is often regarded as a suitable measure to achieve this. Simultaneously, PES programs have sometimes failed to deliver on their stated aims. This article moots that livelihood capitals and policy credibility are important to consider in the implementation of PES programs. Livelihood capitals affect land users’ perceptions towards ecological protection, which in turn, affect policy credibility. To assess the relation between policy credibility and livelihood capitals, we developed a theoretical framework predicated upon the credibility thesis and the sustainable livelihoods approach. We constructed quantitative models for the measurement of credibility, and for the assessment of the relation between credibility and livelihood capitals. The models were applied to a Payment for Grassland Ecosystem Services (PGES) scheme implemented in Inner Mongolia, China. We thus were able to pinpoint the mechanisms that explain how policy credibility affects herders’ livelihood capitals and livelihoods. This study contributes to the research on PGES and pastoralism by: 1) delineating a new approach for studying the endogenous mechanisms of credibility in relation to livelihood capitals; 2) providing a theoretical and methodological basis that enables differentiating ecological conservation policies for various target groups (i.e. full-time, part-time, and non-agricultural herders); 3) presenting a selection of operational measures that may be used following the implementation of the Credibility Scales and Intervention (CSI) policy tool.
Majewska A.Denis M.Krzysztofik S.Monika Maria C.-P....
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查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsContemporary urban development is evolving towards towns with good social capital, where good living conditions are key. The article aims to define the directions of transformation of small towns in Poland following the political transformation (i.e. over the last 30 years), while also looking at how these transformations may affect the living conditions in these towns. The article uses theoretical, empirical and cartographic research methods, taking into account the evolution of the analysed areas. It looks into whether the analysed towns are compact, have diverse functions, sustainable public transport and adequate public green space. The collected data were used to calculate the growth of urbanised areas and to record changes in their spatial layout. Aspects important for the well-being of residents of small Polish towns were pointed out. A key prerequisite for the development of soft towns and towns of well-being is the creation of 15–30-minute towns, in which housing and multifunctional services are all accessible within walking distance or by public transport to all inhabitants. The results of the study allow the development opportunities and threats to be specified not only for small towns in Poland, but also for towns of a similar size in Eastern Europe with a converging historical context.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdUrban parks have been increasingly important for people living in urban areas. There has been a growing need to be in contact with nature and to have a safe space to exercise and do recreational activities with family. These parks have proven to have positive health effects both physical and mentally. Furthermore, they contribute to better air quality and less pollution in cities. In addition to these recreational benefits, several parks have historic and cultural relevance. In this study, we examine the total economic value of an urban park with historic relevance, Quinta do Castelo, in Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal. We applied the contingent valuation method using a questionnaire to obtain three values: the willingness to pay (WTP) for park entrance, readiness to engage in guided and well-being activities, and the willingness to donate (WTD) an annual value with the aim of preserving the park. The average WTP (per visit) is 0.66€ to enter the park, 3.13€ for guided activities, and 2.53€ for well-being activities. These values reflect the use value of the park. The average WTD (per donor) is 6.73€/year, which translates into a relevant non-use value. Total Economic Values (TEVs) achieve considerable values that range from an estimated 1.2 million euros for guided visits, 1.3 million euros for the entrance value, 1.4 million euros for well-being activities, and 1.1 million euros for the annual donation to preserve the park. Hence, our study highlights the importance of maintaining Quinta do Castelo Park, and of considering not only use value, but also non-use value when estimating total economic value of urban parks with historical relevance.
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