查看更多>>摘要：The expansion of construction land and the reduction of farmland are two important aspects of land use change and land cover change (LUCC) that can greatly affect the terrestrial carbon balance. The requisition-compensation balance of farmland (RCBF) is an important land use policy in China, which aims to maintain the amount of farmland and prevent the unrestricted requisition of farmland for construction. This study has designed a new integrated tele-coupling framework to analyse the land use change and associated carbon storage change under the RCBF in China. The results show that on the national scale, although the quantitative balance of farmland has been achieved for the whole of China, the area of farmland in most provinces decreased, with a decrease in vegetation carbon (VC) storage of 3.7 Tg. For each province, this study finds that the more developed regions in the southeast of China have often acted as net importers, while some less developed regions have become primarily exporters with an evident expansion of construction land driven by other regions. The VC storage has decreased in most provinces due to the imbalance of farmland requisition and compensation and inappropriate compensation methods. In particular, some provinces located in the southwest of China have had the largest loss of VC storage due to their better hydrothermal conditions and relatively higher VC density. Thus, harmonious development and suitable compensation strategies, such as the farmland to forest program and environmental taxes, need to be further considered.
查看更多>>摘要：The global reach of gentrification has been widely debated. Through a case study of the Kwun Tong Town Centre (KTTC) project, this research investigates whether redevelopment led by the Urban Renewal Authority (URA) in Hong Kong constitutes a form of state-led gentrification. Against the notion of generic gentrification, we argue that an urban process becomes gentrification only when the conceptual assumptions are consistent with contextual realities. Through a literature review, two core assumptions about state-led gentrification were identified: 1) the redevelopment is capital-led and against the community's will, and 2) the logic of capital has overridden the logic of the government during the redevelopment. Despite the appearance of state-led gentrification, the KTTC redevelopment was a state-led while socially-oriented process supported by the local community. This project was undertaken to redress environmental deterioration and building obsolesce in a crowded and old urban area. Government-led planning was necessary because the project required government land, proactive planning, and public subsidies. Local support was conditioned on a societal consensus on the policy governing acquisition and compensation. The scheme design reflected a commitment to social goals and community aspiration. The URA endeavoured to address residents' housing needs by directly engaging residents in the acquisition process. The authority leveraged private-sector capital to take forward redevelopment, but retained control over the project through a plan-led approach and a profit-sharing formula. The negative outcomes of displacement were mitigated by the authority and other contextual factors. The government's ongoing commitment to public housing limited the chance of area-wide gentrification. Whilst not negating the problem of displacement, this article advocates for a grounded perspective to understand the cause and effect of a gentrification-like process. It further calls for research on similar projects to support the development of generalisable counter-gentrification agendas.
de Boon, AuvikkiSandstrom, CamillaRose, David Christian
14页
查看更多>>摘要：ABS T R A C T It is widely recognized that there is a global need for a transition towards more sustainable forms of agriculture. In order for such a transition to be socially sustainable, its input (problem and goal formulation), output (policy instruments), and throughput (processes) need to be perceived as legitimate. However, we currently know relatively little on how to legitimize normatively shaped transition processes and their outcomes. We aim to address this knowledge gap by examining how the governance of agricultural transitions can be shaped to improve the perceived legitimacy of the transition. Through a combined lens of normative and sociological approaches to legitimacy we investigate the English post-Brexit agricultural transition as a crucial case-study. Building on a policy analysis and semi-structured interviews we find that in order to create perceived legiti-macy of agricultural transitions, both in the English case and for agricultural transitions generally, clarity and diversity in design is essential. In addition, in order to take account of the normative and political nature of agricultural transitions, our study highlights the importance of a broad problem formulation, a diverse mix of instruments, and a process that is transparent and includes stakeholders in a meaningful and equal way. We conclude that a combined lens of normative and sociological legitimacy forms a useful framework for future research to critically evaluate the normative and power dimensions of transition processes. In addition, it can support governments in their efforts to develop policies for agricultural sustainability transitions that will be accepted by society.
查看更多>>摘要：In Brazil establishing secure rights to indigenous land is a prerogative of the President and is the main tool for conducting indigenous policy. It is also highly controversial with intense debate as to the extent of land which should be considered indigenous and the extent of rights that should be protected. Despite strong constitutional rights, indigenous territories have been regularly encroached by an expanding economy. It is thus not clear that this policy instrument can effectively protect indigenous rights and avoid the depredation and devastation of their land and communities. I analyze data on all indigenous lands in Brazil to measure the impact of property rights on violence. To deal with the reverse causality from violence to property rights as well as omitted variables, I exploit an indigenous land titling program from 1996 to 2005 that selected for territories that were most prone to violence. Using as counterfactual a matched sample of territories that did not receive this treatment, I provide causal evidence that stronger property right to indigenous land can reduce violence.
查看更多>>摘要：Growing concerns about the impacts of food systems have led to fierce debate over the pros and cons of different modes of production. In parallel, conservationists have debated "land-sparing" versus "land-sharing" as competing rationales for a land use policy that aims to halt biodiversity loss. As a contribution to these debates, we share research conducted in the South-East of England where contrasting practices for managing land and livestock coexist in close proximity and approximate a land-sparing versus-sharing gradient. The research used an Ecosystem Services (ES) framework to explore the social, ecological and health outcomes of these practices, as understood from different perspectives. In this paper we analyse and interpret both qualitative and quantitative data generated through a participatory deliberative appraisal exercise that formed part of the research. Despite demonstrating the relevance of ES for appraising land use and management practices, we uncover a lack of sensitivity of conventional ES frameworks to the specific concerns, priorities and ambiguities of agroecological practices; an inability to encompass multiple scales and localities; limitations to incorporating site-specific considerations; and a polarising effect on the perspectives of conservationists and farmers. We conclude by offering an approach that may help to bridge between divergent perspectives and engage both on their own terms.
查看更多>>摘要：Multifunctionality embedded in the neo-endogenous model of rural development and manifested through the LEADER approach typifies a new rural development paradigm, which is implemented by various actors. The focus of this paper is on the organic farmer as an actor who has a high degree of multifunctionality and importance in community-led local development. The research question behind this paper is whether such ideas are valid for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (in this case, Czechia). This paper examines the mul-tifunctionality of agriculture and rural development through the prism of organic farmers who participated in LEADER approach supported projects from 2007 to 2013. It aims to identify how organic farmers engage in the LEADER approach and the impacts of the projects implemented by them (the thematic and spatial dimensions of the research). The results of a specially designed method of heuristic interventional investigation show that the projects implemented by organic farmers (namely, those operating large farms of 100-250 ha) implemented under the LEADER approach in 2007-2013 stimulated and stabilised development in localities that were threatened by disadvantageous social and economic circumstances. These projects contributed to the resilience of outlying districts with small settlements, a fact which though positive, suggests an uneven geographical implementation of the LEADER approach. The results came through utilising the endogenous potentials of nature and human origin, with land and landscape as a tourist attraction. However, organic farmers in Czechia are not yet fully exploiting their potential to become truly multifunctional and genuine actors in rural development. They utilise LEADER projects primarily for the purchase of farm machinery and technology or for other in-vestments in farming. This is because of the prevailing need to continue building the organic sector, which has only been in emergence since 1989. Investments in agricultural production may result in organic farming becoming conventionalised and linked with productivism, thereby limiting its multifunctionality. Conversely, the research also found projects that reveal a multifunctional approach, particularly in relation to sustainability, which itself correlates with strong multifunctionality.
查看更多>>摘要：Land abandonment is a process widespread in many regions of the world as a consequence of socio-economic conditions and changes on the use of land. Research has shown that land abandonment can have both posi-tive and negative effects, depending on the local context, location and scale. Research has framed land aban-donment either as an opportunity for rewilding these landscapes or as a loss of cultural values. Here, we present a literature review of the effects of land abandonment on social and ecological dimensions in the Mediterranean region, an area where is a common phenomenon. The results show that land abandonment is widely studied throughout the Northern Mediterranean, in particular in Spain, Italy and France, while no studies has been performed in the Southern part, such as in Morocco or Tunisia. Most of the land abandonment outcomes iden-tified were negative, followed by mixed outcomes (being partly positive and negative). Abandonment studies focused more often on outcomes on nature's contributions to people (such as biodiversity and habitat for spe-cies), while studies on the effects on the social dimension through the consideration of good quality of life components are scarce. The results highlight the high diversity of effects and outcomes derived from land abandonment. We call for research focusing on how the comprehensive process of land abandonment can impact and promote key changes in the future. Further research should pay greater attention to North African and Middle East countries in the Mediterranean region, where multiple pathways of abandonment are currently emerging, as well as the consideration of the social dimension of the effects of land abandonment to capture the full complexity of this land use change.
查看更多>>摘要：The sustainability of farming systems has been enhanced by legislation on different scales, but at the same time these policies also promote more productive systems through farming intensification (e.g., use of irrigation or high tree densities). This is the case of olive orchard expansion on cereal cropland in recent decades. This study analyses the impact of this expansion on orchard characteristics and landscape elements in a case study in the 'campina' of Cordoba in Southern Spain based on the evolution of their surface and typologies during the period from 2005 to 2018. Our results show that olive orchards doubled their surface after the 13-year period, from 7997.8 to 16,447.6 ha. On average the new orchards tended to have higher plant density and a more frequent use of irrigation in the study period. Despite this trend towards intensification, the current situation shows a majority of rainfed (76.4%) and medium tree densities, 120-200 trees/ha, (42.7%) of the area. Nevertheless, newly intensified orchards are arising in the region, resulting in a mosaic of orchards of different characteristics (slope, tree density, soil type) and agricultural managements (irrigation, ground cover vegetation). In addition, this characterization was complemented with an inventory of the existing semi-natural elements associated with these orchards to identify the current state of the regional agricultural landscape. A total number of 507 isolated trees and different linear and polygonal landscape elements (343.9 km and 714.0 ha, respectively), mainly segmented, were inventoried. From these polygonal landscape elements, a significant fraction (e. g., slopes, gullies, water banks and non-productive strips/faces) remains unvegetated (57%). Therefore, these elements must be considered in multiscale agricultural policies as potential restoration areas to enhance ecosystem service provisioning.
查看更多>>摘要：EU agriculture is facing increasing expectations and pressure from society and policymakers to support environmental protection and climate change mitigation. Catch and cover crops (CCC) are an underused farming practice that can potentially contribute towards these goals. Previous research is sparse and has yielded few relevant insights into CCC adoption behaviour by farmers. In this study we analyse a dataset from farm surveys in four EU regions to better understand the role of policy and non-policy factors in CCC adoption. Our data suggests that adoption rates vary widely between regions, while farm adoption intensities are low. We find that policy is by far the strongest determinant of adoption rates and adoption intensities. CCC adoption patterns have been shaped mainly by the Nitrates Directive and the Common Agricultural Policy's greening requirements. Agronomic motives are a third but much weaker impetus for adoption. Environmental and climate change considerations do not play a significant role in farmers' adoption decisions. Most non-adopters would likely become adopters if stronger policy obligations or additional subsidies were implemented. Non-adopters' responsiveness to subsidies and willingness to accept is highly varied but only weakly predictable from easily observed farm characteristics.
查看更多>>摘要：Forest restoration has attracted the attention of different organizations, investors, and donors with the launch of the UN Decade for Ecosystems Restoration (2021-2030), along with climate and biodiversity commitments. Restoration can address many of mankind's challenges, such as biodiversity loss, climate change, water security, and poverty. In the Brazilian Amazon, the ~28 million inhabitants are among the most vulnerable of the country, and this has only worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, millions of hectares are suitable for forest restoration. The growing demand for large-scale forest restoration projects have been prioritizing biophysical objectives (e.g., number of trees, hectares of land, and carbon) while it should be prioritizing the local people's well-being and a fair transition to a sustainable economy based on forest services' recovery. Nonetheless, many challenges need to be overcome to realize this potential. Amazonian states need to control illegality, enforce the existing policies and promote innovative ones to halt deforestation and enable large-scale restoration. Better governance and social engagement are urgently needed but depend upon, recognition of indigenous peoples and local communities' rights, needs, and knowledge. Forest restoration represents an opportunity for the emergence of a more inclusive development paradigm, much needed in the Amazon region, especially in the post COVID-19 world.
NSTL
Elsevier