Callesen, Gustav MarquardLundhede, Thomas HedemarkOlsen, Soren BoyeSchou, Jesper Solver...
10页
查看更多>>摘要：Taking agricultural land out of production or shifting from crop production to permanent grassland have recently been proposed in Denmark as general measures for contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions. One of the particular features of such measures is the creation of co-benefits, as taking agricultural land out of intensive production may affect a range of ecosystem services and economic goods, such as reduced nutrient loads and emissions of GHGs, improved biodiversity, and improved recreational opportunities. In this paper, we present results from an ex ante socioeconomic Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) with the purpose of assessing whether the expected benefits of a bottom-up local development plan for multifunctional land use in the catchment of Lake Glenstrup in Denmark will outweigh the expected costs. After quantifying the wide range of impacts, we apply benefit transfer to value them within the CBA framework. Among the primary effects are reduced emission of GHGs, reduced leaching of nutrients, increased recreational options, and opportunity costs from agriculture. The results indicate that the initiatives could lead to a net social gain of 1.4 mil. euro. We perform a sensitivity analysis which shows that the choice of the spatial extent of the recreational effects has a large impact on the results, which range from 0.4 to 5.2 mil. euro. Also, the shadow price of reduced GHG emissions play a major role. Finally, a distribution analysis shows that especially farmers bear the majority of costs, whereas other stakeholders enjoy most of the benefits.
Liu, HongxiaoHamel, PerrineTardieu, LeaRemme, Roy P....
13页
查看更多>>摘要：Incorporating nature-based recreation into urban planning analyses requires understanding the accessibility, quality, and demand for urban greenspace (UGS) across a city. Here, we present a novel tool that lowers the barriers to such information by (i) providing a spatially-explicit assessment of recreational UGS supply and demand; (ii) differentiating results by population group or UGS type; and (iii) using an accessible open-source software platform that facilitates scenario comparison and communication. In a case study in Paris, France, we demonstrate how the tool helps address important urban planning questions. We show that between 42% and 55% of the population is currently below the UGS target of 10 m2 per person, depending on the accessibility criteria used. Using revealed preference data, we demonstrate that older adults are disproportionately affected by the UGS deficit. Our assessment of future scenarios reveals that UGS targets set by public policies are largely insufficient (500-2800 ha are planned by 2030, while more than 4000 ha are needed to meet the policy target). By combining the strengths of established geospatial methods, the tool helps researchers and practitioners produce a more nuanced analysis of the recreation benefits of UGS implementation.
查看更多>>摘要：Despite the looming scarcity of agricultural land and rapidly growing demand for food and biofuel globally, more agricultural lands are being abandoned from farming than are being converted to agriculture. Therefore, there is increasing interest in reutilising abandoned croplands to mitigate the undesirable impacts of abandonment and address global challenges such as food insecurity, arable land scarcity and agrobiodiversity loss. Although a number of studies have examined the extent, drivers and impacts of abandonment at various temporal and spatial scales, few studies have investigated the dynamics and potential pathways for reutilising abandoned cropland. This study addressed this knowledge gap by analysing potential reutilisation options of abandoned croplands, considering the influence of socio-economic factors on farmer preferences for reutilisation options, and assessing the conditions that would create an enabling environment for productive reutilisation. Using a mixed methods approach, quantitative data was collected through a survey of 374 households and qualitative data from six focus group discussions in three districts of the Hill agroecological region of Nepal. The majority of farmers, regardless of abandoned cropland holdings, considered that abandoned croplands should be reutilised. The farmers identified seven options (Cash cropping, Fruit crop farming, Spice and medicinal crop farming, Fodder tree plantation, Cereal cropping, Woodlot plantation and Mixed subsistence farming) for reutilising of abandoned croplands. Farmers' preference was comparatively higher for high value and cash-generating options for the reutilisation. Despite the dominance of traditional mixed subsistence farming in the area, the majority of farmers did not consider this system as a viable option for reutilisation. Structural and institutional factors, as well as labour constraints, were found important to create an enabling environment that motivates farmers for the reutilisation. Farmers' greater preference for cash-generating options implies that the promotion of market oriented farming on abandoned croplands could help to minimise abandonment and revitalise the Nepalese agricultural sector. The findings are relevant to other regions of the globe that have experienced cropland abandonment.
查看更多>>摘要：Evaluating urban-agriculture-ecological space is useful in optimizing land space and high-quality socio-economic development. This study evaluated urban development and ecological protection in an urban agglomeration and delineated the ecological security pattern for the sustainable use of land spaces. Using the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan (CZT) urban agglomeration as study area, system dynamics (SD) model, cellular automaton (CA), and artificial neural network (ANN) were utilized to simulate the variation trends of urban development space, ecological space, and urban agricultural space for 2019-2035 under different development scenarios (status-quo, economic-centric, environment-centric, and coordinated equilibrium). The highlights of results are as follows: (1) The combined effects of the economy, nature, accessibility, and spillover effects exerted significant impact on urban land expansion. Socio-economic variables and spillover effect constitute the main controlling factors of land space expansion. (2) The urban construction space of the CZT urban agglomeration would vary for the different development scenarios. During the simulation period, urban construction space in the study area would be 1572.06 km(2) for the status-quo scenario, 1763.27 km(2) for the economic-centric scenario, 1634.13 km(2) for the environment-centric scenario, and 1668.69 km(2) for the coordinated equilibrium scenario. (3) The growth boundary of the urban agglomeration was demarcated based on the spatial attributes, land-use functions, and clustering. The rigid growth boundary was estimated at 3686 km(2), while the flexible growth boundary was estimated to be 1794.53 km(2). These values can be used to guide planning, policies, and strategies for the orderly expansion of urban land in future development.
查看更多>>摘要：With urbanization, successful land development has become critical for the growth of the cities. Land administration plays an important role in the outcome of land and property development models. Land and property development requires close coordination between public and private sectors and has impact on various stakeholders including public authority, private developers, landowners, home-buyers and society. In addition to land development, which has it's characteristic and price mechanism separate from property development, this paper looks at property development to provide a holistic approach to urban development. We examine three cases of land and property development models across different cities within a single regional planning area called the National Capital Region (NCR) in India. Firstly, we look at the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Delhi) that has for years adopted public sector model of land development, however, with limited success. Delhi has recently experimented with land pooling to unlock large peri-urban areas in the fringe. Secondly, Gurugram (Haryana) hailed as 'Millennium City' has been able to achieve high decadal real estate growth with Public-Private land development, but there is a cost to this fast growth to the society that results in severe planning and infrastructure bottlenecks. Lastly, we look at the Public land development model of Noida (Uttar Pradesh), which is distinct from Delhi and Gurugram, and has been able to provide one of the best infrastructures in NCR. But due to its pro-developer land allotment policy, it has created a city with several stalled projects that have resulted in the loss of home equity for home-buyers. These contrasting land development models when studied with property development models within the same geographical region provide key insights for policymakers, planners, city governments and academic fraternity.
查看更多>>摘要：Tidal river management (TRM) is a building-with-nature practise which was locally developed to tackle the problems of polderization in the south-western delta of Bangladesh. This practise was subsequently adapted by public agencies. However, all TRM sites are associated with violent conflict. While law-enforcement agencies have often struggled to bring such conflict under control, there is variation in the extent to which conflict associated with TRM has been resolved at different study-sites. However, different decision-making approaches have characterized different implementations of TRM. Different implementations of TRM are also characterized by differences in the role of civil society organizations (CSOs). Therefore, this article hypothesizes that variation in conflict resolution is associated with variation in decision-making approaches and role of CSOs. Accordingly, the research question that this article seeks to answer is: How can conflict be resolved for the effective planning and implementation of TRM? This question is answered by analysing 5 case-studies on TRM using a typology of three different decision-making approaches: technocratic, participatory and sociocratic. Using data collected via 2 focus-group discussions, 66 semi-structured interviews and secondary research, this article analyses issues associated with power differentials, dysfunctional consensus, differences between local & scientific knowledge and the role of CSOs in resolving conflict. This research reveals that conflict during TRM implementation can be successfully resolved by the development of conflict resolution mechanisms which are locally-respected and are also considered trust-worthy by the elite. The elite will become more receptive to engaging with the public if TRM implementation is characterized by sociocratic decision-making.
查看更多>>摘要：Empirical evidence remains scarce in the literature as to whether public and private sectors can effectively co-ordinate and provide extension services to the whole farming population with respect to sustainable agricultural production. This article compares farmer cohorts participating in mixed public-private and/or private extension services, and non-participants in the context of Irish dairy farming. Differences in farm and farmers' charac-teristics are analysed with non-linear regression models, while farm economic and environmental sustainability performance is compared across groups using linear regression models. The findings show that farm size, stocking rate, dairy specialisation, and levels of farm management vary across cohorts, thereby suggesting that mixed public-private and private extension systems can target different pools of participants. Extension partic-ipation is associated with higher economic performance, but the analysis provides no evidence of improved environmental sustainability. When comparing mixed public-private and private extension systems in detail, no differences are found in performance across both sustainability dimensions. Policy implications are drawn for the design and implementation of publicly funded extension programmes to achieve greater farm sustainability. Notably, programme worthwhileness, payment schemes, and participants' selection criteria are discussed.
查看更多>>摘要：The Conservation Reserve Program is the most widely implemented land retirement program in the United States, costing nearly $1 billion annually and idling approximately 9% of U.S. cropland. To ensure the program continues to be effective in meeting its conservation objectives and also fiscally responsible, an understanding of motivations of potential enrollees is needed. This paper investigates farmer and rancher preferences for the program's contract attributes including payment, length, government cost-share, degree of payment readjustment, and flexibility in land use. A discrete choice experiment was used to elicit farmer preferences. Willingness to enroll was estimated using a mixed order logit model. Including farmer and farm characteristics and farmer perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors as explanatory variables in the estimation allowed for explicit consideration of farmer/rancher heterogeneity. For example, to investigate whether those raising livestock value specific contract attributes differently than those not raising livestock. Landowners preferred shorter contracts, higher rental payment and cost share, a mid-contract adjusted payment and more flexible land use. Those living on the farm, older, having participated in CRP previously, and male were more willing to enroll in the program. Those raising grazing livestock or who had participated in working lands programs were less likely to enroll. A greater understanding of what motivates farmer participation in longer-term conservation programs will help inform consideration of programs in the U.S. and throughout the world.
查看更多>>摘要：There is a large body of scientific evidence on the climate crisis and flooding in urban areas. Extreme weather events are producing extensive property damage and loss of life and require new modes of flood governance. However, the climate crisis does not stop at the city limits: peri-urban areas have related but distinct flood challenges due to land use change, regulation, perceptions, and capacity to develop collective responses. The aim of the literature review is to synthesize peri-urban flood governance drivers and responses with a particular emphasis on empirical findings from the past decade. The literature review draws on findings from 26 empirical case studies with respect to how and where research is conducted on peri-urban flood governance, the drivers of peri-urban flooding, and the responses by peri-urban stakeholders to address flood risks. A common governance approach involves autonomous adaptation that results in maladaptation - both of which are critiqued as inadequate to address flood risks. The findings reveal a host of specific peri-urban challenges in addressing flooding but also point towards opportunities for new modes of adaptive governance. The article concludes by reflecting on the promise of developing an adaptive governance approach to peri-urban flooding to acknowledge the social and ecological complexities of climate change while opening up possibilities for emergent modes and innovative approaches of collaborative problem-solving.
查看更多>>摘要：To address climate change and meet global commitments, nature-based climate (NbCS) solutions i.e. actions that aim to address climate change in sustainable way, are becoming increasingly popular. This is often expressed in so called "green pledges" that promote large scale programs of tree planting, often in plantations. Establishment of such plantations could deliver benefits to biodiversity, but this is not guaranteed, and recommendations on how to manage nature-based solutions (NbS) for biodiversity are limited and not embedded in scientific knowledge. Evidence from landscape ecology can inform general principles of NbCS design. Here, we synthesise evidence and make recommendations that can help "green pledges" to benefit biodiversity conservation. We call for an integrated approach, where NbCS tree planting projects move beyond carbon storage to create functional and diverse habitats providing multiple long-term services while safeguarding biodiversity.
NSTL
Elsevier