查看更多>>摘要：Under the rigid centralized land quota system in China, local governments actively adopt various strategies to achieve economic growth. This paper describes and evaluates a new local decentralized strategy in China called the flexible quota system, which is used to satisfy the land use requirements of key and uncertain projects. Using Zhejiang Province as an example, we find that the innovative aspect of this flexible quota system is that the upper-level government reserves a share of quotas for overall decision-making, and sub-level governments competitively apply for quotas based on project importance. Through the above mechanism, the flexible quota system smoothly guarantees unforeseeable land use arrangements in key projects and improves the overall land quota allocation performance. Furthermore, data from scenario simulations show that compared with the original system, this flexible quota system has a greater net benefit in land development and is almost twice as successful in dealing with land use for uncertain key projects. The paper may provide new knowledge for local innovation in land planning under the traditional centralized system.
Duckett, DominicBjorkhaug, HildeMur, Laura ArnaltePalmioli, Lucia...
12页
查看更多>>摘要：Increasing production to meet the growing demand for food whilst conserving biodiversity and reducing pressure on natural ecosystems is a dual planetary challenge of the highest order. The world's small farmers are at the forefront of this challenge, being asked to make greater contributions to both enhancing food and nutrition security, and to the stewardship of natural assets. We focus on rewilding involving the conservation, management, and reintroduction of species, and how the praxis impacts small farmers in Europe, simultaneously being encouraged to increase food production. We present empirical data from four European case studies featuring Norwegian wolves, Scottish Sea Eagles, and wild boar in both Spain and Italy. We adopt Beck's World Risk Society concept to situate what small farmers report as trade-offs, within a broader sociological schema, to show underlying features of a new landscape.
查看更多>>摘要：Land policies are formulated with the goal of addressing land use management challenges. Therefore, a thorough investigation is required to assess effectiveness of land policy processes. The unknown land use policy effectiveness is how and where the formulation and identification of land use problems affect the throughput of policy implementation. The main objective of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of land policy processes using models of public policy analysis. The study analyses how the stages model could be useful for analysis, and in which areas the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) could enhance the analysis. For comparative insights, land policy cases of Ethiopia and Rwanda were used. Data on land policy processes in the two cases were gathered from literature and data collected from field. The analysis with the two models shows that the effectiveness of executing land use policy processes does not only rely on the conventional cycle and sequence of land use policy implementation steps (i.e. identification of the problem, formulation of the solution, execution of the solution). Instead, during the problem formulation certain dynamics occur which may prevent finding the right and only solution. The stages model is useful for analyzing manifestations as they occur along processes, and the ACF is required as a valuable model to enhance analysis by understanding the cause of manifestations. This study would impact the research method for analyzing effectiveness of land policy processes and improving practices of policy making on the basis of good land governance and public administration perspective.
查看更多>>摘要：Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) can play an important role in territorial re-embedding of agri-food sys-tems into their Social-Ecological Systems (SES), thereby stimulating multifunctionality of agriculture and the diversification of the production system. This represents an opportunity to promote endogenous rural devel-opment, employment and the viability of rural communities, as well as to support family agriculture, food sovereignty, and food security. However, the underlying biophysical, social, and economic conditions of the SES that affect the likelihood of building these institutions through collective action have hardly been studied. In order to explore this, we used the conceptual framework of SES designed by Elinor Ostrom to identify the conditions under which PGS, and the collective action that created them, emerge, become effective, and are sustained over time. This information may help land managers, policy makers, and planners to design policies that facilitate the building of effective and sustainable PGS over time.
查看更多>>摘要：We argue for embedding land use policy in broader strategies of community development as a way of contrib-uting to the long-term success of communities and identify enabling factors for strategy formation and for co-ordination between land use policy and such strategy. In analysing eight case communities in Alberta, Canada, we identified several types of non-coordination involved: non-coordination between institutions organizing land use ('land use tools'), non-coordination between land use tools and broader development strategies and non-coordination between such strategies and circulating narratives on the long-term. Higher level actors, single sector economies, prior strategies, strength of local administration, identity and ideology are factors shaping the formation of strategy and the coordination between strategy, long-term perspectives and land use tools. If strategy emerges, it can compete with others, it can still be ignored, or undermined through exceptions, not communicating and not-updating. Local government does not always have a grip on its own future. Strategy is presented as both narrative and institution and slowly reveals itself as a function, not a form.
Jonsson, K. IngemarLindblom, ErikSoderqvist, ToreCole, Scott...
14页
查看更多>>摘要：Public acceptance of environmental compensation (offsetting) as a mechanism to address negative human impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services is critical. Given that "in-kind/on-site" compensation is rarely possible, proposals must address trade-offs with respect to design. We measure Swedish citizens' support for compensation and analyze preferences for design attributes based on a choice experiment in which respondents choose between various compensation alternatives to address the hypothetical loss of green space due to urban development. We find citizens' support for compensation is high, but the activity causing the damage affects acceptance. Our model suggests that several design attributes affect choice but size of the compensation area was valued highest, both in relative and absolute terms. Further, our results suggest that compensation should be primarily focused on creating or improving biodiversity and nature values in order to be in line with public preferences. Additionally, choice depends on interactions between attributes: a larger compensation site matters more when it is relatively further away; and the importance of size and distance from damage depends on whether compensation type focuses on nature or recreational values. Observable characteristics such as a respondent's age, income and education affect compensation design preferences, but perceptions and previous experiences have the largest effect on choice. Our findings suggest that public preferences are consistent with many of the general recommendations found in guidance documents, but local context may argue for alternative priorities with respect to certain species, habitats, and/or the wellbeing of certain groups. To engender broad support, compensatory offsets will need to balance scientific rigor with transparent involvement of the public.
Hjalager, Anne-MetteStaunstrup, Jan KlosterSorensen, Michael TophojSteffansen, Rasmus Nedergard...
11页
查看更多>>摘要：UN Sustainable Development Goal #11 prescribes a much more careful territorial planning and land use control. This study documents second homes' land use from this perspective, considering higher built-up density as a measure to limit land-take. The quantitative study includes public property data on all second homes in Denmark. A concise account of the 180,000 properties demonstrates a tendency towards densification, measured as an increase in the amount of built space on the existing land sites. Over time, the average house size increases, an expression of improved living quality. Incentive for owners are the rising second home market prices and the opportunities for creating profitable ownership by offering the property on the touristic renting market when they do not use it themselves. The sustainability-motivated appeal for densification coincides with the speculative land use intensification. The dual agenda is backed by the tourism lobby and policymakers. The downside of densification is the simultaneous underprioritizing of other important sustainability goals, such as biodiversity, the preservation of landscape values, human wellbeing, etc. Following a public debate about unintended side effects of densification, there seems to be an emerging discussion about the needs to move from a very liberal multilevel planning model for second home areas towards a more firm and transparent planning practice. This corresponds with the recommendations in the SDGs.
Preto, Mayra de FreitasGarcia, Andrea SantosNakai, Erica SilvaCasarin, Laura Piacentini...
13页
查看更多>>摘要：Agribusiness expansion and intensification in Brazil have prompted an abrupt change in land use and occupation in the Amazonian agricultural frontier since the 1980s. Considering the increasing suppression of native vegetation, riparian areas represent an important tool for protecting ecosystem services and biodiversity. Although the effects of land tenure and land use on large-scale deforestation in the Amazon have been widely assessed, their roles on riparian deforestation remains poorly explored. Here we assessed two municipalities - Querencia (QRC) and Sao Jose do Xingu (SJX) - located in an agricultural frontier of the Brazilian Amazon to explore the relationship of illegal deforestation in riparian areas and different types of land use and property-sizes, as well as the impact of the Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL, Federal Law 12,651/2012) on environmental compliance. Therefore, we developed a robust geodatabase using hydrographic, land use and land tenure data. Riparian areas protected as Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) were delimited and their land cover mapped for 2012 and 2018 using high spatial resolution satellite images and unsupervised K-means classification method. We also applied landscape metrics to analyze riparian PPA structure and dynamics. Our results indicated that NVPL was followed by a downward trend in the riparian vegetation deficits in all land use types and property sizes, but it did not stop new clearings. Although riparian PPAs in minifundios (<= 80 ha) and agrarian reform settlements tended to concentrate higher relative deforestation amounts, large-sized farms were responsible for most of the absolute extent of riparian deforestation in both years, accounting for 76-78% in QRC and 93% in SJX. They were also the main drivers of new clearings, for which account for 71% in QRC and 86% in SJX. The impact of land use on riparian deforestation was not homogeneous among properties, possibly reflecting different levels of technological investment and management techniques. In the so-called consolidated areas, in which the riparian PPA minimum width was reduced by NVPL, decreases in deforestation between 2012 and 2018 were lower. In these areas, vegetation coverage did not exceed 23% in any of the study areas. In the riparian PPAs that was not under consolidated areas, the vegetation coverage was of at least 85% of the area. Local environmental governance may also have affected the riparian deforestation dynamics, in which stricter monitoring and law enforcement lead to lower deforestation extents. Finally, landscape metrics revealed the importance of managing riparian areas at the landscape level, as local improvements did not necessarily result in connectivity gains.
查看更多>>摘要：Public acquisitions of floodplain properties, or "buyouts," whereby governments purchase properties at risk of flooding from willing sellers and convert them to open space, are a widely used strategy for reducing risk. Since 1990, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has provided funding for more than 40,000 properties. Yet, little is known about the costs of buyout implementation, even though federal funding re-quirements mandate a complex set of activities undertaken by local, state, and federal government staff. This lack of understanding of buyout activity costs hinders development of evidence-based policy recommendations. To address this gap, we surveyed local and state government officials and consultants who have worked on floodplain buyout projects. Our survey results provide the first systematic, activity-level financial documentation of buyout projects in the U.S. Local and state government respondents reported median per-property activity costs of $14,428 and $8,161 (or 9.64% and 6.95% of property purchase costs), respectively. Respondents also reported significant variation in the activities undertaken as part of each project; community engagement strategies were particularly diverse, suggesting some households may not be adequately informed as a result of insufficient funding, time, or technical capacity for these activities. The varied and complex structures of buyout projects, as well as the attendant activity costs, pose barriers to implementation for local governments. Our results suggest both that: a) additional support and flexibility may be needed for critical activities that improve the experience of buyout participants; and b) reducing other activity costs may produce significant savings, which in turn could be used to improve the quality and expand the scope of buyout projects.
查看更多>>摘要：The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to the widespread stagnation of urban activities, resulting in a significant reduction in industrial pollution and traffic pollution. This affected how urban form influences air quality. This study reconsiders the influence of urban form on air quality in five urban agglomerations in China during the pandemic period. The random forest algorithm was used to quantitate the urban form-air quality relationship. The urban form was described by urban size, shape, fragmentation, compactness, and sprawl. Air quality was evaluated by the Air Quality Index (AQI) and the concentration of six pollutants (CO, O-3, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, SO2). The results showed that urban fragmentation is the most important factor affecting air quality and the concentration of the six pollutants. Additionally, the relationship between urban form and air quality varies in different urban agglomerations. By analyzing the extremely important indicators affecting air pollution, the urban form-air quality relationship in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is rather complex. In the Chengdu Chongqing and the Pearl River Delta, urban sprawl and urban compactness are extremely important indicators for some air pollutants, respectively. Furthermore, urban shape ranks first for some air pollutants both in the Triangle of Central China and the Yangtze River Delta. Based on the robustness test, the performance of the random forest model is better than that of the multiple linear regression (MLR) model and the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model.
NSTL
Elsevier