查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdImage classification often produces large deviations between land use and land cover (LULC) datasets and the ‘real’ changes, leading to uncertainty in the results of LULC related assessments and the propagated impacts through modelling. LULC products are widely used as input for various large-scale climatic, ecological and hydrological models, but the accuracy and authenticity associated with data quality are rarely fully considered. In the study, six widely used global or national LULC datasets, MODIS-MCD12Q1, EAS CCI-LC, GlobeLand30, GLASS-GLC, CAS-CLUDs and ChinaCover, are used to assess the consistency and reliability of LULC on the Loess Plateau, where land cover has undergone major changes due to “Grain to Green” Project. Results show that MODIS and GLASS products have low quality, with the overall accuracy of 55.3~58.2% and 34.7~39.4% respectively, and the areal and spatial results cannot reflect the real changes of the Loess Plateau. Large areas of croplands in MODIS-MCD12Q1 are classified as natural grassland. Croplands in GLASS-GLC are overestimated in the central parts of the Loess Plateau. Both of MODIS and GLASS products are hard to separate woodlands from grasslands. ESA CCI-LC has higher classification accuracy (73.9%~74.2%) than the released MODIS and GLASS products. The woodlands in ESA CCI-LC is relatively underestimated than that of CAS-CLUD and ChinaCover, and the conversion feature from cropland to forest and grasses is almost absent on ESA CCI-LC maps. Although GlobeLand30 has a high overall accuracy at 86. 6~86.7%, it is inadequate to get the characteristic of returning of cropland to forest and grasses. The most similar land covers are CAS-CLUDs and ChinaCover, which are considered to have highest classification accuracy ranging from 89.4% to 91.6% and can reflect the actual LULC status and its changes on the Loess Plateau. A blending LULC dataset is developed and the overall accuracies for all classes can be improved by 1.63–7.49%.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsIn policy and academic literature, landscape-scale agri-environment schemes (AES) are discussed in conjunction with farmer collaboration, reflecting the assumption that the two concepts are synergistic. However, farmers cooperate in different ways and for different purposes, with agri-environmental collaboration representing a di?erent, more unique, case in relation to cooperation. Collective action among farmers may occur as cooperation (often facilitated by a third party) or as direct collaboration between farmers. Farmers’ general willingness to cooperate should not be conflated with collaboration under the demands and constraints of a landscape-scale AES. This paper investigated the Countryside Stewardship Facilitation Fund (CSFF) in England as a policy intervention to develop cooperation amongst farmers and agree the agri-environmental management priorities that they plan to take forward across their holdings. Data from empirical research on the actual operation of six CSFF-funded groups in Cumbria and East Anglia was analysed from a social capital and collective action perspective. We found that key elements of social capital (connectedness, trust, norms) differed between cases, leading to different starting points for establishing groups. The resulting cooperation in agri-environmental management also varied depending on pre-existing networks. The CSFF supported steps to increase the capacity of individuals (and in some cases groups) to deliver agri-environmental outcomes via a facilitator, but struggled to create self-sustaining groups of farmers collaborating on agri-environmental management. The design of similar policy interventions needs to be explicit what kind of farmer cooperation is aimed for. It also needs to take into account the time required for building the prerequisite social capital, tensions between priorities of farmer-led groups and state-funded AES, and trade-offs between group cohesion and landscape-scale working.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdMass real estate valuation is a multidimensional and complex matter because it depends on many constant and time-varying factors. It is desirable to have high level of model performance in the development of mass real estate valuation models for the development of sustainable real estate management strategies. For this reason, this study aims to develop a comprehensive methodology that increases the performance of mass real estate valuation models by using optimized datasets and clustering geographical value in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) modeling environment. A case study was carried out in Istanbul and Kocaeli provinces covering neighborhoods with different levels of socio-economic-development. This study was carried out using the big data, which was prepared for 121 criteria incorporating approximately 200.000 real estate values. Firstly, datasets were optimized by using the Boxplot technique concerning dataset-based outliers and Cluster and Outlier Analysis techniques were used regarding the location-based outliers. Next, 22 of the criteria affecting the value was determined with Pearson Correlation technique through analyzing the local relationship between real estate value and the criteria. Based on the result of the Spatially Constrained Multivariate Clustering Analysis (SCMCA) analysis, five different geographical value clusters with similar socio-development characteristics were detected. Mass valuation performances were tested covering all study area and these five clustered areas assessed with the use of Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) model were used commonly in developing mass real estate valuation models. The model accuracies were evaluated through performance measurement metrics used in machine learning (MAE, MSE, RMSE) and mass real estate valuation (WtR, COD, PRD) technique that was recommended by IAAO. Considering the performances of the models, value prediction models based on geographical value clusters were more successful than the entire of study area model.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsOrganic farming is supported in the European Union (EU), among others, via area-based organic payments, targeting better environmental standards, as well as consumers’ demand for organic products. Despite the wide interest growing on hazelnut production in non-traditional production areas in Italy, supply of organic hazelnuts remains negligible. At the same time, evidences show that Italian farmers can receive organic payments, while plantation is not yielding and then either switch to conventional production or continue organic production with no harvest. We employ the annual annuity approach in order to check whether organic payment initiates investments that otherwise would have been unprofitable; and whether it can be exploited by a farmer who has never had intention to produce organic hazelnuts. Results suggest that organic support indeed might be distortive and does not stimulate stable conversion to organic production of hazelnuts. In this regard, we recommend that the current policy should be substantially changed by imposing additional restrictions on conventional or no production or by implying additional requirements for receiving organic payments, for instance at least two subsequent organic contracts.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdAs the pace of urbanization across the planet accelerates, planners and policymakers in the world's fast-growing cities are faced with an intractable conflict between the endless demand for more land to be released for development and the need to preserve ecosystem services and productive agricultural land close to urban centres. Auckland is by far the largest and fastest-growing city in New Zealand, and the rapid pace of residential and commercial development onto greenfield land is putting pressure on less profitable land uses in peri-urban areas. Despite good intentions from city planners to create a high standard of compact urban development in the existing urban footprint, urban sprawl and land fragmentation continue to envelop the rural communities that lie at the edge of Auckland. This paper examines how the policy of flexible development – where zoning provisions for current and future development can be overruled by government and by private applicants in the name of accommodating the ever-greater demand for new residential development - enables developers and landowners to circumvent zoning conventions for the sake of profitability at the expense of long-term quality of life for all of Auckland's residents, with questionable positive effect on addressing Auckland's housing crisis as property prices increase at unprecedented rates. To demonstrate this, this paper draws from planning documents, court decisions and fieldwork in Northwest Auckland. it argues that New Zealand's crisis of housing affordability and urban sprawl is explicitly financial in nature and benefits some parties as much as it causes great detriment to many others, and therefore must be confronted as such.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsWe examined the determinants of conflict among agro-pastoral households in areas affected by large-scale land investments in Ethiopia. We combined household and community surveys to collect data and used descriptive statistics and a binary logit model to analyze them. The results indicated that, in the last decade, land conflicts were prevalent in more than a quarter of the studied communities and that they increased since the establishment of large-scale land investments. The scarcity of pastureland and tenure insecurity are the key drivers of land conflict. We conclude that the state appropriation of traditional pastures for industrial plantations and a lack of property rights for the commons exacerbate land conflicts.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdConflicts of interest between forest conservation and livelihoods of swidden communities in Vietnam have been widely recognized by policy makers and scholars. However, policies and solutions to date have been based on a limited understanding of land use decisions and factors influencing these changes and strategies. This study addresses this gap by analyzing factors affecting farmers’ land use decision-making in three swidden communities in Nghe An and Son La provinces, Vietnam. Our findings show that swidden communities’ land use strategies were built on the cultural, social and economic statuses of households in response to government policies on the restriction of swidden farming, promotion of industrial forest plantations, and changes in environmental and market conditions. Our findings suggest that future policy interventions are unlikely to overcome existing conflicts between conservation and development without considering macro policies, continuous environmental and social changes, and diverse household characteristics and interests.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdDetermining real estate market dynamics has become an important issue in the city economy for achieving sustainable urban land management and investment planning. This study aims to determine the potential influencing factors of housing prices through applying global regression models including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Spatial Lag Model (SLM), and Spatial Error Model (SEM) and to examine their geographic variation by local regression approaches such as Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR). Pendik district of Istanbul (Turkey) was selected as study area. For these purposes, a case geodatabase was created with twenty-eight attributes: structural, geographic, and neighbourhood variables. Initially, nine significant variables used as input in the other models were selected with a stepwise OLS approach. The modelling results suggested that local models achieve better performance in comparison to global models. Furthermore, local model factor coefficients and local R2 values were mapped for nine variables. Geographic variations of these variables with regards to housing price were analysed for GWR and MGWR models. This study provides a comprehensive methodology for the real estate market and city authorities to understand the geographic variations of factors affecting the real estate market in urban geography.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdWhile urbanization promotes both economic development and job opportunities, it also exerts enormous pressures on the urban land resource. Increasing urban land use efficiency (ULUE) is important towards achieving the sustainable development of China. This paper theoretically analyzes the impact of industrial agglomeration on ULUE and its spillover effects. Furthermore, the influence of industrial agglomeration is empirically studied by a spatial panel model based on Landsat-TM/ETM remote sensing image data and socioeconomic data of Chinese cities at prefecture-level and above for 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. The following results were obtained: First, from the perspective of the underlying theoretical mechanism, industrial agglomeration can increase ULUE through labor market externalities, technology externalities, and capital externalities; moreover, spillover effects of industrial agglomeration on ULUE of neighboring cities occurred through spatial interaction among local governments and the spatial flow of production factors. Second, ULUE showed strong spatial correlation, and both specialized and diversified agglomerations exerted significant positive spillover effects on ULUE. Third, the direct effects of specialized agglomeration were significantly positive for northeastern, central, and northwestern China; the direct effects of diversified agglomeration were significantly positive for northwestern China; the indirect effects of specialized agglomeration were significantly negative for eastern China and significantly positive for northwestern and southwestern China; the indirect effects of diversified agglomeration were significantly negative for eastern China and significantly positive for northwestern China. Considering these results, China's future industrial development should be based on sub-regional characteristics. More targeted industrial agglomeration policies are therefore needed to improve ULUE and support the economic development of the Chinese society.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdLegal land tenure is often understood as an essential asset underpinning urban agriculture. However, the global land rights discussion recently moved away from a strict emphasis on legality towards a wider acknowledgement of the multidimensionality of land rights and land tenure. Based on the semi-structured interviews with farmers of Soweto at gardens in institutions and open-space gardens, and key informants we explore the mechanisms by which farmers gain, control, and maintain access to land with the aim to extend the evidence on the importance of social relations and their role in land tenure of small-scale urban farmers. Results of an in-depth qualitative analysis of structural and relational mechanisms of access to land show that farmers’ identity and ability to create and navigate through the complex web of social relations represents a vital formative force for land tenure. Building on our findings, we invite policy makers to enhance the agenda on land allocation for urban agriculture by preserving and fortifying the existing social networks and relationships. Such an approach allows for enlarging the spectrum of benefits provided by farmers to their community and vice versa, as well as for strengthening farmers’ self-esteem and internal motivation for engagement in urban agriculture. Therefore, our paper supports moving beyond the narrow notion of legal tenure for urban agriculture and embracing its more inclusive understanding by acknowledging social relations and their importance for farmers’ own perception of their land tenure.
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