查看更多>>摘要：? 2022By successfully including smallholders, the oil palm boom in Southeast Asia has contributed significantly to rural economic development and poverty alleviation, notwithstanding its huge environmental costs. Oil palm production in other world regions is currently picking up, including in Africa. Yet it is uncertain whether the positive socioeconomic impacts from Southeast Asia can be replicated elsewhere. Little development gain may thus accompany severe environmental harm if oil palm expansion leads to deforestation. To shed light on the (prospective) role of oil palm for rural development we perform a systematic comparison of Ghana's and Indonesia's oil palm sectors at the macro and micro level, focusing on smallholder inclusion and using a mixed-methods approach. We identify substantial differences in structural conditions and policy foci that have led to two very different oil palm sectors. While the Indonesian experience clearly highlights the development opportunities coming with smallholder inclusion in agro-industrial production, our analysis shows that transferability to the West African context is limited due to regional specificities.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdUrban governance involves institutional rules that can be combined to serve aims of providing and delivering public welfare and services. Such combination can be achieved by engaging stakeholders holding respective resources and power into a rule-structured interaction to orient the collective outcome towards a more favourable end, while the conflicts among actors remain as the governance imperative in the urban renewal arena. This paper aims to elucidate against this background of urban renewal governance and consequences of its resource mobilization by comparing three high-density Asian cities from north to south: Taipei, Hong Kong and Singapore all with a Chinese cultural background. The comparative study investigates the capacity of actors and implications of instrumental tools to mobilize non-state resources in different urban renewal governances. In particular, the assembly of, concession in, incentive for, and transfer of plot ratio, are further accentuated as the said manipulation by public authorities, private sectors, and the community. The findings identify the practical utilities rooted in the manipulation of plot ratios to fuel the redevelopment projects, and highlight that while the mobilization of non-state resources relieves the government deficit of service delivery, the value-laden governance approach and policy instruments for resource mobilization can also strengthen the unbalanced power relations between actors and have consequences on various aspects. As urban governance evolves in response to local and global pressures, the findings in this paper will shed light on the future of urban renewal governance.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsEconomic, social and environmental sustainability are becoming more important in urban and territorial development policies in Europe and internationally. Recently, the United States and Europe have put forth the green deals proposing programmatic provisions for achieving territorial sustainability through the redevelopment of brownfield land into Sustainable Industrial Areas (SIAs). This opinion paper presents the benefits of the European Green Deal (EGD) policies as support for brownfield land redevelopment, SIA implementation and urban regeneration in light of the experiences of many countries in the European Union (EU). Moreover, this paper makes policy recommendations and discusses future research directions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsAfter the worldwide interest in global sustainability and climate change challenges, an increasing concern is voiced on local quality of life and neighbourhood liveability. In recent urban studies, human well-being, satisfaction and happiness studies are gaining much popularity in a local context (the ‘microcosmic city’). The present study seeks to identify the determinants of the residents’ appreciation for their daily environment, called here ‘city love’. The latter concept captures both tangible or material aspects of city life (‘body’) and immaterial and emotional dimensions of local quality of life (‘soul’). The present paper seeks to develop and test a new quantitative ‘city love’ concept, inspired by the soul and body conceptualisation of urban attractiveness for residents and visitors – based on a novel ‘feelgood’ index (FGI) and a ‘human habitat’ index (HHI) –, with a view to map out the citizens’ contentment or appreciation (called neighbourhood love index – NLI) at a district or neighbourhood scale in the city of Rotterdam. Our study utilises data from a quantitative survey among thousands of residents located in 63 neighbourhoods in this city. In addition, the Rotterdam dataset contains not only survey data, but also register data on these neighbourhoods, e.g., real-estate values, crime statistics, and socio-demographics, while geographical information from OpenStreetMap (OSM) is added as a complement. In addition to a multivariate analysis of the rich data set, the paper employs also a quantile regression analysis extended with fixed effects. The results show that the coefficients of the feelgood index (FGI) and the human habitat index (HHI) decrease slightly as we move up the distribution of the neighbourhood love index (NLI). This means that physical and functional aspects of neighbourhoods, e.g., access to such amenities as public transportation, sport facilities, and also streets with diverse attractions or bikeable and walkable road networks, become more important for the lower end of the distribution of the neighbourhood love index (NLI). Our neighbourhood-specific analyses show that the Rotterdam districts and neighbourhoods differ substantially in many physical and social-emotional respects, which calls for place-based policies and sub-local well-being initiatives.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdIn Thulamela Local Municipality, South Africa, competing land use activities such as urbanisation and subsistence farming have accelerated rapid, widespread changes in land use and land cover (LULC) with potential negative impacts on subsistence and small-scale farming, food security, and sustainable rural livelihoods. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the decline in land available for subsistence and small-scale farming in the Thulamela Local Municipality. A post-classification comparison approach was performed using three Landsat images from 2005, 2013 and 2020 in order to quantify the spatio-temporal dynamics of LULC in the study area. The land use management system and applicable land use policies were examined to gain an understanding of the factors driving LULC. The results showed a general decline in agricultural land with a general increase in built-up areas. Land under Agricultural Fallow shrank from 26% to 8% with a 69% decline in extent while the extent of Grass reduced from 22% to 16%. The study has shown that the decline in agricultural land and its conversion to built-up areas can be attributed to ineffective land use management system, which is less protective of land for subsistence and small-scale farming in rural areas characterised customary land tenure rights. The land use scheme's generalisation of vacant and unsurveyed land as agricultural use zone makes it difficult to oppose development on productive agricultural land currently used for subsistence and small-scale farming in rural areas. Therefore, the study recommends that suitable agricultural land or land currently used for subsistence and small-scale farming should be clearly categorised as arable use zone from municipal land use schemes in order to ensure sustainable utilisation and protection of arable land for agricultural purposes. Measures should also be taken to secure tenure rights for subsistence farmers in order to curb the widespread conversion of agricultural land into built-up areas.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdCharacterizing the spatial patterns of surface water quality is of great significance for water resources management and protection. A great number of studies have addressed the fact that water quality is often subjected to surrounding land use patterns, but the relationship between them remains obscure. In this study, we develop a self-organizing map (SOM)-based approach to explore the relationship between land use and water quality in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province, which locates in the hinterland of the Yangtze River Delta in the Taihu Lake Basin. Water samples were collected from 163 streams, ponds or lakes and then clustered into six groups based on five water quality variables: pH, ammonium-N, total phosphate, dissolved oxygen and permanganate index using the SOM approach. The proportion of eight land use categories, which are forest, cropland, shrubland, grassland, water, wetland, impervious land and bare land were associated with water quality to explain its spatial variation. The altitude decreases from west to east and the eastern part of Deqing County is characterized by floodplain and streams network, which makes watershed delineating real hard work. Therefore polder and multiple buffer scales were considered to carry out the spatial discretization process. For land use parameters, sub-watershed scale was surpassing buffer scale in the elevated area, but only buffer scale can be applied in the whole area. Polders totally failed to reveal the relationship between land use and water quality. Our results demonstrate whether point source (PS) or non-point source (NPS) pollution exerts greater influence on water quality in different clusters. The methods and the results demonstrated in this research can help local government improve water resources and land use management strategies practically.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdEffective comprehension of highly complex and spatially heterogenous property market requires its’ appropriate recognition. One of the most critical steps in property analyses and valuation procedures is the identification of the sub-markets as the fundamental comparable units. The biggest challenge in this case is to define the criteria of the basis indicating the similarity (homogeneity) of property markets area. The objective of the study was to propose methodology (called “HO-MAR”) that enables objective identification of the homogenous (similar/comparable) areas (zones) that could indicate location of similar groups of property transactions (representative properties) used either in individual valuations or AVMs. The authors propose utilization of automated solutions based on robust geo-estimation that enables high efficacy of property submarkets identification. Robust geo-estimation is guaranteed by merging semi-automated data mining methods (e.g. entropy theory, rough set theory, fuzzy logic) and geoprocessing activities (Gauss filter, geocoding and reverse geocoding, tessellation model with mutual spatial overlapping) concerning spatial relation database application.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdAdaptation to climate change is a complex process and requires sound understanding of how climatic changes are perceived and interpreted at local level by dairy farmers. This study is therefore designed to investigate the climatic risk perception, risk attitude, determinants of adaptation measures/strategies and constraints faced by the dairy farmers. The present study is among the pioneering studies considering dairy sector in developing countries in general and Pakistan in particular. A well-structured questionnaire was used to interview 450 dairy households from three agro-ecological zones of Punjab province of Pakistan. The study employed binary logit models to determine the influence of climate risk perception, risk attitude and other factors on adaptation decision of farmers. The findings of study revealed that climatic risk perception and risk tolerant nature of farmers positively influenced the use of adaptation measures such as selling of weak/diseased animals, migration, off-farm income activities and changes in cropping pattern, while risk averse behavior had negative impact on adaptation decisions. Among other determinants, education, farming experience, number of dairy animals, access to extension/veterinary officer and access to credit facilities has positive and significant influence on adaptation to climate change. Study also identified major constraints (socio-psychological, economic, technical, infrastructural/institutional and communicational) preventing dairy farmers to adopt adaptation measures against climatic risks. The study posits important policy measures.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsClimate change affects ecosystems and the well-being of rural households relying on ecosystem services for their livelihoods. The ability to withstand the adverse effects of climate change depends on their livelihood resilience. The relationship between natural resource dependence and livelihood resilience of Indigenous forest households in the Amazon region is still poorly understood. We used a case study approach to identify factors contributing to the livelihood resilience and vulnerability of 45 households in the Communal Land of Origin Tacana I area in the Bolivian Amazon. Household income data were collected before (2013) and after (2015) an extreme weather event. We combined a theoretical resilience framework with a practical indexing method to calculate the factors contributing to livelihood resilience and vulnerability. Additionally, conditions, regulatory and policy frameworks shaping vulnerability and resilience at the local level were reviewed. Our results show that income activity choice influences households’ livelihood resilience and vulnerability. Regarding natural resources, a low vulnerability was linked to selling game and fish or pursuing a wage livelihood strategy, while high resilience was related to hunting and cattle. Our results underline the importance of social networks and capital for low cash-income households to provide support. National development policies prioritize economic growth based on strengthening the energy, agro-livestock sector and boosting oil and mining sectors with industrialization. Some of these priorities may threaten the resilience and increase the vulnerability of Indigenous forest-dependent peoples and their subsistence livelihoods. External pressure on forest resources, including fish, requires a holistic focus on livelihood resilience in national adaptation strategies. Anchoring sustainable natural resources management and monitoring strategies at all policy and operative levels is crucial to the livelihood resilience of forest-dependent (Tacana) households and forest ecosystem health. Risk management approaches need to be developed inclusively and have an integrated socio-ecological focus to avoid adverse spill-over effects.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdMost farmers in Nigeria are food-insecure smallholders without secure land tenure. Children growing up in these households may be at higher risk of malnutrition. However, there is a paucity of evidence of the effect of land tenure on child nutrition. The present paper examines whether smallholders' mode of land acquisition and tenure documentation could influence child malnutrition in Nigeria. The paper relied on the three-round Nigerian nationally representative panel data of smallholder farming households with small children. The World Health Organisation's standards were used to determine child anthropometric deficits such as stunting, wasting, underweight, overweight and stunted-overweight. The study analysed the effect of smallholders' mode of land acquisition and tenure documentation on child malnutrition using the flexible panel difference-in-difference (flexpaneldid) model and fixed effect (FE) logistic regression. Households on family-inherited land were more likely to have stunted, underweight and overweight children. However, households that held community-distributed land were less likely to have stunted, overweight and underweight children. While the formal land certificate holders had a 13% chance of having stunted children, the informal land document holders were seven percent and five percent less likely to have wasted and underweight children. Smallholder land tenure had a small but relevant effect on reducing child malnutrition with community-level land distribution and informal land documents in Nigeria.
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