查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdUrban land-use planning decisions generally require negotiation between multiple stakeholders to reach an agreement on a specific plan. Computer-aided tools such as group decision support systems can facilitate the actors in this complicated process. In the context of these systems, using software agents enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of group decision support. The software agents can perform some computational and analytical tasks on behalf of the stakeholders. In more advanced cases, the agents can also learn stakeholders’ preferences and behavior to help them make good decisions. This paper proposes an intelligent web-based spatial group decision support system to investigate the role of opponents modeling in urban land use planning by using a multi-agent system approach. For this purpose, two successive meetings are held in which the system is used: in the first meeting, the stakeholders revise the existing plans and respond to other stakeholders’ requests. During the meeting, software agents attempt to model the behavior of the stakeholders they are associated with, based on a Bayesian learning method in combination with social value orientation theory to describe stakeholders’ decision behavior in a group context. In the second meeting, the software agents help the stakeholders in the step of plan revision by providing the information obtained to the stakeholders. In an application, a comparison of the results of the meetings showed that the provided information about the opponents reduced the negotiation time and contributed to reaching a better spatial configuration of land-uses based on a criterion provided by social value orientation theory.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdSocioeconomic developments in rural areas are characterized by heterogeneity and diversity rather than evolving along 'parallel linear paths'. To date, our understanding of rural heterogeneity and evolution remains limited, especially in institutionally transitional countries. Eastern Europe and Northeast China have both experienced economic recessions, industrial restructuring and urban shrinkage over the past decades and have become rust, peripheral and even stigmatized areas. However, the backdrop of rural evolution in Northeast China is different from that of Eastern Europe, since its institutional transition has been gradual rather than a 'shock therapy'. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for rural typology and uses cluster analysis and random forest to explore the rural typological evolution and drivers in Northeast China from 2000 to 2017. The results show that the modernizing grain agriculture leading type currently occupies the main position in Northeast China, while the urbanizing type and industry diversification type only account for 18.6 %. Regarding rural typological dynamics from 2000 to 2017, the modernizing grain agriculture leading type expanded and intensified in more peripheral areas with abundant arable land resources or high potential for arable land reclamation, driven by increasing national grain demand, widening regional economic disparities and division of labor, and agricultural policies. Meanwhile, the transformation mode from the modernizing grain agriculture leading type to the industry diversification type (5.81 %) developed in areas with relatively developed economies, proximity to markets, and dense populations. Finally, we discuss the similarities and differences in rural development between Northeast China and Eastern Europe and propose related policy implications for rural development.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdChina is committed to increase its nature reserves (NRs) coverage up to 18% of its land by the end of 2035. Concerns associated with natural reserve expansion include local grain production restraint and its threat to national food security since agricultural activities are limited in designated natural reserve zones. Grain production has always been one of the top national priorities as it links to national food security. This paper uses an unbalanced panel data with 940 counties from 1989 to 2018 and time-varying difference-in-difference (DID) methodology to estimate the impact of National-level Nature Reserves (NNRs) on the local agricultural production. Our results find the NNR policy reduces the average grain production by 4.4% at the county level, and the impact is greater in high-yield areas. The mechanism analysis verifies the NNRs decrease both the grain yield and cultivated farmland area in the county with NNRs. To offset the trade-off effect between NRs and food security, we suggest productivity enhancement policy and careful NR demarcation should be promulgated to the counties that implement NR policy, especially in the early phase of the NRs and in the high-yield areas.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdWe estimate the magnitude of land grabbing - the illegal appropriation of public land - on an active Amazonian frontier, the associated deforestation, and the rates at which these claims were legalized due to changes in the law and downsizing of settlements. Of all land claimed in Brazil's Rural Environmental Register (CAR) in our 300,689-km2 study area, 90.5% is non-compliant with Brazilian law and 45.8% is in protected areas. Changes in the law by 2017 reclassified as licit 4.2% of the illicit CAR land claims) in 2014 (901 km2 yr-1). Downsizing settlements made 5266 km2 available for illegal appropriation. Deforestation in land claims accounted for 35% of the total, and this percentage is likely to grow. Planned future changes in land law will further jeopardize Amazon's natural and cultural heritage legalizing at least 10% of the area in this frontier. Importers of beef, soybeans and other commodities should bar products from land that has been grabbed as a result of changes in Brazil's land laws, reducing the outsourcing of deforestation.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsCoastal and marine areas represent one of the most relevant spaces on a global scale to address management and conservation processes. Firstly, this is due to the interactions that characterise the area of exchange between land and sea. Secondly, it is the area where the main population settlements are located. However, there is no agreed definition of the scope of the coastal zone for management, and legal delimitations usually simplify the reality, making it impossible to develop Ecosystem Based Management in these areas. The research advances on a proposal for a conceptual and geographical delimitation of coastal areas from a socio-ecological perspective. The results show a delimitation of the coastal area based on two large geographical areas: The Coast and the Coastal Zone. The first one includes the Coastal Water, the Intertidal Area and the Shoreland. Seconly, the Coastal Zone is fundamental for understanding certain ecosystemic and social phenomena, and includes two units: Coastal Zone Water and Coastal Land. The proposed socio-ecological limits do not always coincide with the legal limits, which is why this article analyses in depth, for the case of Andalusia (Spain), the state and regional legislation on coastal matters. With all this, ideas are proposed on which to introduce socio-ecological delimitation into the legal limits and thus advance towards Ecosystem-Based Management in coastal and marine areas.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsAlthough many studies have focused on the negative effects of the outflow of rural labor and insufficient land endowments on collective action related to irrigation, few have considered the effects of the farmland reallocation that accompanies this labor out-migration, especially at the household level. Using data from China, this paper sheds new lights on the internal structure of irrigation collective action by exploring the differentiation of famers’ participation in collective action among farms, especially we explore how the reallocation of farmland affects the probability of successful collective action related to irrigation and how this effect varies among farms with different farmland use rights transfer behavior. Employing a two-stage approach, we deal with endogeneity problems and examine the effect from the perspective of behavior variation among small farms, based on survey data from 4917 households in 21 provinces in China. We find that the effect varies according to the type of transfer behavior. In particular, farmland transfer makes farmers who are expanding their production, and also farmers who are optimizing their land utilization, more likely to participate in collective action for irrigation, but the effect on farmers who are downsizing their agricultural production is not significant. Thus, farmland transfer influences the success of village collective action curvilinearly, and mainly through transfer-in and farm-adjustment farmers’ decision to participate in collective action. Implications are drawn for land use policy as well as the governance of commons.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsThe paper examines the links between the cultural ecosystem services concept, political ideologies and urban planning. In particular, it investigates the extent to which cultural ecosystem services were considered in urban planning in socialist and post-socialist Zagreb. We conducted a content analysis of three socialist and two post-socialist plans of Zagreb and interview transcripts with urban planners and academics. To take account of the relational character of cultural ecosystem services, we assessed the extent to which urban planning facilitated opportunities for human–ecosystem interactions rather than individual cultural ecosystem services themselves. This revealed planning factors that helped promote and discourage conditions for CES to arise. The findings indicated that socialist planning facilitated interaction opportunities to a wider extent than post-socialist planning, mainly by providing abundant, fair-sized, well-distributed green spaces with clearly outlined functions. The proposed assessment approach could be implemented in the planning process to evaluate how conditions for CES generation are provided by the current planning cycle and inform the process in the following cycle.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdBased on the theory of New Economic of Labor Migration (NELM) and Induced Technological Change, this study takes 935 part-time households in the Loess Plateau region as the research object. The study analyzes the current situation of non-agricultural labor transfer and agricultural production, and describes the intrinsic relationship and mechanism of the action between non-agricultural labor transfer, factor allocation and farmland output-rate. The direct and indirect effects of non-agricultural labor transfer on unit farmland output are tested empirically through the mediating effect model and the moderating effect model, and the effectiveness of the mechanism of action is further tested using the moderated mediation model (Bootstrap). The empirical results show that non-agricultural labor transfer has significant and negative impact on farmland output. Moreover, labor-substituting factor inputs play a partially mediating role between non-agricultural labor transfer and farmland output-rate, with a mediating effect size of ? 1.552, accounting for 53.073 % of the total effect. The findings also demonstrate that higher the proportion of slope cropland, the smaller the positive effect of labor substitute factor input on farmland output. Similarly, non-agricultural labor transfer has a significant and negative effect on farmland output for low-part-time peasants and cash crops, the negative effect on peasants participating in farmland transfer is not significant, and a larger negative effect on distant working peasants. Based on the above findings, this paper puts forward targeted policy recommendations for optimizing the allocation of agricultural factors and improving agricultural production efficiency, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and decision-making reference for ensuring abundant grain production and agricultural harvest in the Loess Plateau region, lifting peasants out of poverty and increasing their income, and realizing the rural revitalization strategy.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdAgribusiness is an important development option for low-income countries that expect foreign investments to have a positive effect on the modernization and strengthening of their domestic agricultural sectors. However, evidence of these expectations being met is ambivalent, notably regarding whether domestic entrepreneurs can benefit from the thriving global agribusiness by establishing themselves in agro-industrial segments that can best remunerate capital and labor. Against this backdrop, we assessed the market share of domestic vis-à-vis multinational companies in key supply chains in Brazil, the leading example of agricultural development worldwide. The results revealed that the domestic market share was 23.9% for soybean, 47.2 % for sugarcane, 57.9 % for dairy, and 76.0 % for beef supply chains. There was high heterogeneity among agribusiness segments that can be divided into three groups: 1. Segments controlled by foreign multinationals, 2. State-supported segments controlled by domestic companies, and 3. Mixed segments controlled by both domestic and multinational companies. In mixed segments, foreign and domestic investments support the streamlining of supply chains and are thereby beneficial to the country in the short and long term. These are segments in which there are no barriers preventing the entry of domestic companies such as patents. Investments made in science and technology tend to support the development of the supply chain as a whole, not only specific companies, generating win-win situations.
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