查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdUrban agriculture is the collective name for a wide variety of farming activities that occur within a city's boundaries or direct sphere of influence. A shared feature of urban agriculture types is that they are spatially limited,. Farming is generally not the primary function in the urban ecosystem; however, its spatial role should not be underestimated. Urban green spaces connected with urban agriculture are widely accepted as a nature-based solution for effectively addressing societal challenges related to urbanization. Competition for land between agricultural and urban land use is addressed mostly by regulatory command-and-control planning approaches. However, there is growing interest in the use of market-based instruments. Agricultural subsidies and legal protection against agricultural land conversion are primarily oriented towards rural areas, so the research regarding market-based instruments for agricultural land uses in cities is undeveloped. In Polish cities, urban agricultural areas comprise about 43.5 % of total urban area, and 7.8 % of individual farms in Poland are urban farms. The specific attitude towards ownership of land in Poland (a strong private-property ideology) influences (restricts) the implementation of market-based instruments. The article aims to present the potential for market-based instruments for urban agriculture and to identify barriers to the implementation of such solutions. The paper analyzes theoretical frameworks and practices for protecting agricultural land use through market-based instruments in Poland. We focus on two types of market-based instruments for ecosystem services of urban agriculture. The first encompasses the existing tools in Polish law and policy. We identified the following market-based instruments protecting urban agriculture: (1) charges and annual fees for excluding land from agricultural production, aimed at preventing agricultural land conversion in cities; and (2) land leasing charge of allotment gardens. We assess those instruments, their strengths and weaknesses and their effectiveness in protecting agricultural land use in cities. The second type are market-based instruments supporting urban agriculture cities that have potential for future implementation, We consider voluntary land readjustment and development agreement (currently very limited) to be the most promising and implementable. In this regard, we formulate de lege ferenda conclusions and recommendations.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdSince the economic reform in 1986, there have been important changes in the institutions for land-use in Vietnam, which set the foundation for the transition from “land as a means of production” to “land as an assest”. Along with the gradual transition of land-use rights, a dual land market prevails as a result of the coexistence between marketization and centralization. In that system, the gap of land prices between market and non-market tracks has created landed interests that are embedded intricately within the resultant built environment, coupled with the rent-seeking behavior of SOE land holders and developers. Through the empirical case studies of the land redevelopment projects led by the state-owned enterprises in Hanoi's city center, the study shows the hidden logic of spatial transformation and conflicts between the planning control under state's ideology and land-rent seeking behavior in the reality. From the perspective of land rights, it is observed that state assets going through spontaneously “informal privatization” under ambiguous property rights has caused hasty redevelopment, leading to the development control mechanism not working properly. As a result, the externalities of un-controlled development are not internalized, causing over-compaction in the city's center and lowers the environmental quality. This paper suggests that clarification of property rights should be the goal for further institutional change and of strengthening the state's capacity in development control.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdLand readjustment (LR) is a zoning implementation that has various components. When the methods of zoning plan implementations are examined, even if these implementations have common parts, they can vary from one country to another in a juridical frame. LR used as a land transition tool for many years in Turkey, sometimes causes a number of problems. Especially, at the phase of subdivision-distribution-allocation which is the important part of the process, the implementation can be annulled by the courts because of the implementer's failures. Using geographical data obtained with usual terrestrial measuring technique can be seen one of the most important reason of this problem. The aim of this study is that, supporting of the subdivision phase of LR implementation via orthophoto and digital elevation model (DEM) generated by photogrammetric methods. So, a pilot area was selected and a sample LR implementation was executed. Land related up-to-date information and data were obtained via Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). So, it is seen that additional data generated using orthophoto and DEM, increased the accuracy of subdivision process and contributed to the right decision making. Besides, this approach which does not require additional land exploration, is useful in both time and cost. Also, this study shows that, if the UAV technology is used appropriately, its solutions can make significant contributions in the field of land management.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsA transition towards a circular food system whereby the agricultural food chain changes from a linear production chain to a more circular system with minimal unnecessary losses could be the answer to a range of global challenges, such as climate change, diminished water quality and biodiversity, and food insecurity. This paper focuses on behavioural factors and external conditions that influence the decisions of Dutch farmers in the transition towards circular agriculture (CA). This study consists of a literature review, 13 semi-structured, qualitative, in-depth interviews with farmers who contributed to CA and a survey of 429 farmers representing a range of farm types and sectors. Structural Equation Modelling showed that attitude and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are significant predictors of the intention to take measures that contribute to CA, behavioural beliefs, perceived risk and uncertainty, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are all significant predictors of attitude; and intention, perceived behavioural control and subjective knowledge are significant predictors of the relative number of farmers that contribute to CA. Univariate analyses showed that farmers who took more measures that contribute to CA were motivated more by social and environmental values, while farmers who took fewer measures that contribute to CA were motivated more by economic values. In the in-depth interviews, knowledge, resistance from the environment and unsuitable legislation were the barriers mentioned most often. These insights may prove helpful for policymakers and other advisors who influence farmers’ decision making regarding CA. Some examples of what these insights can be used for include: persuasive communication aimed at influencing motivations, beliefs and attitudes; framing directed towards motivating pro-environmental and social values to increase intrinsic motivation; economic incentives to increase extrinsic motivation; providing information for decreasing farmers’ perception of risk and uncertainty, provided that how information is offered is adapted to individual situations. Social pressure may not be helpful in this stage of the transition as there is still a lot of resistance to CA among farmers following a linear approach.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), an international standard (ISO 19152:2012), provides a conceptual data model for land administration. This study applies the LADM model to a previously unexplored case: the administration of homestead lands (residential lands) in rural China. In China, rural homestead tenures have been altered through several iterations since 1949, variously serving economic development, political governance and social security objectives. An intended contemporary reform of the homestead tenure system is based upon: (1) collective ownership by local communities; (2) qualification rights, a kind of personal servitude to safeguard the social security of individual community members; and (3) use rights, usufructuary interests offering management options to promote economic development. This work shows it is possible to translate this tripartite entitlement reform of rural homesteads into an LADM profile, with rights, persons, and land forming the base components. Four (sub) packages are formed, namely, Party, Administrative, Spatial Unit and Surveying and Representation. The work finds the LADM-based model, applied to the administration of China's rural homesteads, could facilitate the land tenure reform of rural homesteads, enable interoperability with other aspects of land administration, and could support national responses to those Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relating to poverty eradication, rural revitalization and intensive land use.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdIn parts of Ghana, the position of a chief and land are intrinsically linked. The desire to control economic resources especially land attached to the stool or skin office, has served as an impetus for intense contestation in the chieftaincy successions in peri-urban areas. However, urban expansion has manifested in depriving successive customary land trustees or chiefs of revenues from peri-urban land transactions due to a growing shortage of vacant lands. As a result, several dynamics and strategies unfold when new chiefs are installed in the land market space. This paper examines customary successions and re-issuance of land documents in three selected peri-urban communities in Kumasi, where land is increasingly becoming scarce. The study adopted a qualitative survey design approach where data were collected from land developers in three purposively selected peri-urban communities in Kumasi. The paper finds that newly installed chiefs re-issued land documents such as allocation notes, site plans, and receipts to property developers as revenue mobilization strategies. The re-issuance does not seek to improve the old records but has more to do with the monetary incentives. The practice imposes a financial burden on the developers with non-indigenes paying higher amounts, undermining the previous chiefs' authority, and creating uncertainty and confusion in the land market. It is recommended that the traditional leaders led by the National House of Chiefs should develop rules and regulations to regulate how newly installed chiefs should deal with lands that their predecessors have already allocated. The study results also underscore the need for the chiefs to invest portions of 'drink money' they take from land grants to benefit succeeding generations.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdWhile insecure property rights are considered ‘perverse’ with respect to development, we examine what are the features most amenable for their persistence. Applying a Credibility Thesis framework in the context of rural land tenancy relations in India, that are largely held through private arrangements, we try to understand if there are inherent preferences to the existing informal structure of land leasing. An in-depth primary household survey across four states of India reveals that farmers rely on customary, informal mode of leasing arrangements because of their functionality in terms of no paperwork, easy accessibility, swifter modes of payment and prompt conflict resolution. Informality makes the existing institutional arrangement ‘credible’ in the eyes of both the tenants and owners. This raises the questions of whether policy prescriptions on intricate land related issues should entail appreciation of prevailing informal tenant customs, regulating them, or simply letting them be and realign agrarian support and delivery systems around this embedded informality.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThis paper assesses the contribution made by the cultivation of urban gardens to the food self-sufficiency of mountain municipalities at risk of food desertification during 2020 in South Tyrol (Italy). The pandemic-induced economic downturn and mobility restrictions have left more territories severely exposed to the adverse risk of food desertification. A food desert is a territory where people are food-insecure because of job/income loss or through the absence of food retail facilities. During lockdown, many non-essential firms were forced to close. This meant that many workers, especially those in more precarious positions, lost their jobs, while entrepreneurs had consistent financial shortcomings. Local population mobility was restricted to the municipality of residence, with reduced access to grocery stores outside that area. Disrupted food supply chains and panic buying stimulated short-term food shortages, emptied municipal food stores and meant that supplies often failed to meet local needs. This insecurity left mountain municipalities increasingly vulnerable to desertification. The most food-insecure areas are those that depend heavily on the tourism sector and those with limited access to food retail facilities or other organized forms of food supply in proximity. Their challenges through the period of Covid-19 have heightened questions about their access to food and possible initiatives to increase their food self-sufficiency. Among the initiatives most frequently debated in that period, gardening has been highly valued. This paper contributes to the debate by presenting a Decision Support System (DSS) that calculates the land required for food self-sufficiency in South Tyrolean municipalities and the percentage covered by the production of local urban gardens. The results demonstrate that urban gardens’ contribution to local food self-sufficiency is almost insignificant in these municipalities, representing less than 1 % of the municipal needs. Restricting the analysis to self-sufficiency in fruit and vegetable production only, findings derived from the DSS application confirm the insignificance of urban gardens’ production levels, which remains below 1 % of the municipal needs.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdLand tenure systems in sub-Saharan African countries have changed in different ways over time with emergent neo-customary land tenure systems engendering exclusionary tendencies. Drawing on Pramso as a centralised case study in Greater Kumasi's peri-urban area using in-depth interviews, this paper investigated peri-urban expansion and attendant changes in usufruct rights to understand indigenes’ exclusion from neo-customary land tenure. The paper finds peri-urban urban expansion in Kumasi to be more rapid after 2005 than between 1984 and 2005. In Pramso, the rapid and continuous peri-urban growth coupled with land allocation, together termed as peri-urban land commodification, precipitates neo-customary land tenure in which the focus on physical parcels of converted usufructuary land collapses traditional usufruct rights. In place of the collapsed rights, major remnants includes a quarter share of converted usufructuary land for indigene-families, a quarter share for community development, unconverted usufruct rights in respect of distant land, parcels with existing dwellings, and emergent peri-urban livelihood opportunities. Unlike indigenes, traditional authorities become major beneficiaries of this change. As the traditional usufruct rights are the main entitlement of indigenes, its collapse and traditional authorities’ suddenly becoming major beneficiaries indicates indigenes’ exclusion. The paper contends that the observed pervasive flexibility of customary land tenure systems in sub-Saharan Africa allows this change but also breeds unexpected and undesirable results for certain stakeholders such as indigenes. In the context of the rapid peri-expansion of African cities and the threat of irreversible and continuous change from customary to neo-customary land, the paper calls for right-based management of neo-customary land to equitably benefit all right holders.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe economic performance, through wildlife tourism, of African protected areas (PAs) varies widely. Though proximal management level factors responsible for economic performance and conservation outcomes are well known, underlying institutional, governance and organizational factors, which influence management regimes, have not been as extensively studied. In this paper, an institutional-economic framework forms the basis of a cross-sectional comparison of the local economic contributions of state, private, and communal PAs of the Lower Luangwa Valley in the institutionally centralized country of Zambia, and of the Greater Kruger National Park system in the institutionally devolved country of South Africa. Whereas in South Africa, private reserves neighboring the national park generate the majority of economic benefits, in Zambia, wildlife-related benefits from private and communal PAs are few relative to the neighboring national park. The contrast underscores the role of property regimes and other policies in the economic integration of public parks with surrounding landscapes. From an organizational and governance perspective, the performance of state-managed parks in both settings is tied to an ability to retain revenue, while the performance of co-governed PAs is undermined by power inequities between governing partners. These observations and their implications for policy reform are made clearer through the systematic collection and analysis of PA economic data, which our framework can guide.
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