查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdConceptual frameworks for landscape restoration commonly take an approach focused on ecological (biotic and abiotic) aspects. Yet the recent initiatives demanding that restoration be scaled up to restore millions of hectares of degraded land often encounter socio-cultural challenges too, such as competing land-use interests and low stakeholder engagement. Thus, consideration also needs to be given to cultural landscapes, broadly defined as regions that reflect the long-term interactions between people and the environment. Based on a literature survey we here identify and then discuss features from cultural landscapes-ecological restoration research, which can be relevant to ecological restoration upscaling. Overall, research encompassing cultural landscapes is revealed as less narrowly-focused than that on landscape ecology linked with ecological restoration: our selected studies quite frequently considered social and landscape aspects in addition to ecological aspects. Geographically, research is strongly biased towards Europe and North America, although the most ambitious restoration targets are in the tropics. Taking cultural landscapes into account could enhance restoration by (1) moving towards a transdisciplinary approach thereby offsetting the overemphasis on ecological aspects, and (2) mitigating issues of land use and stakeholder engagement. Further research, paying special attention to the tropics, should aim at integrative approaches that would contribute to scaling up restoration, not only in single large-scale projects but also through the sum of small but concerted actions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe “Credibility Thesis” of institutional analysis challenges the assumed relationship between institutional form and performance and argues that institutional forms follow institutional functions. An understudied issue concerns how changing institutional credibility (expression of the function) affects the evolution of institutions (the form). This article highlights the distributive function of institutions and examines how distributional dynamics shape institutional change when the credibility of an institution is problematic. By focusing on a major institutional innovation in China, the evolution of rural land shareholding, this article analyzes a unique distributional dynamic of land benefits that combines central institutional openings with local experiments. When institutional credibility is challenged, this central-local distributional dynamic engenders continuous changes in institutional form. Critically, this endogenous process of institutional change features dynamic disequilibrium rather than static or punctuated equilibrium.
von Elverfeldt K.Fekete A.Fuchs S.Garschagen M....
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查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsChange triggered by natural hazards such as pluvial and coastal floods, sea-level rise as well as risks resulting from water scarcity are highly dynamic and related to the effects of ongoing climate change. Whether and how societies adapt, adjust, change, or transform because of climate change and related risks, is a currently debated topic. This question demands revisiting and comprehensively addressing existing theoretical foundations of transformations in risk management strategies and in risk governance to find effective ways to deal with climate change effects and their social consequences. Hence, the paper discusses current developments in transformation research and exemplifies this discussion with four interdisciplinary cases, which the co-authors reported in previous publications. Findings from Austria include a governance change within flood risk management related to zonation. Relocation in Indonesia and Kiribati showcases its cultural, behavioural as well as economic implications. Water scarcity in South Africa underlines the importance of behavioural change to enable the structural storage of rainwater. This paper analyses aspects of adjustment or transformation in these four examples. This may inform risk managers, decision-makers, practitioners, and planners dealing with natural hazards related to climate change how to conceptualise their (re-)actions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022We analyze the spread across the fifty states of use-value assessment (UVA) programs applied to agricultural and rural land for property tax purposes. Taxing land based on the value associated with its current use in agriculture rather than its full market value can confer substantial tax savings for landowners, affecting land use patterns. Using time-to-event models, we find that the secular trend toward urbanization across all fifty states was a driving force behind the spread of UVA policies. In particular, increasing secular trends in agricultural land values (associated with urbanization) provide a strong motivation for agriculture to pursue UVA, and this factor appears to be the key driver of UVA adoption throughout all of our models. We delve deeper, hoping to understand underlying factors through which UVA is spread across states. We consider the literature on policy diffusion as well as factors suggested by models of collective action, based on concentrated benefits and dispersed costs. Once land values are accounted for, the role of these underlying factors is generally inconclusive. One exception is the relationship between agriculture's share of state GDP and UVA adoption. Here, a clear negative relationship is found; that is, UVA adoption is more rapid in states where agriculture's share of state GDP is smaller. This result is at odds with traditional voting models where the median voter, likely not an agricultural landowner, would be expected to favor non-adoption of UVA policies.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsThe concept of condominium in Denmark is traditionally associated with owner apartments used for residential purposes (individually owned by the resident). The condominium law translated from Danish: “Law of owner apartments” was primarily intended to support the housing market and was mainly introduced to allow renters to become owners of a rental apartment in a high-rise building, i.e., making it possible forthem to enter the housing market without having to invest in an (often more expensive) traditional house on a real property. However, the law also applies on other nonresidential rooms in a building, thus the expression, many faces, is appropriate. The ownership right to a condominium unit includes a share in all components of the common property. This share also includes the responsibility to pay for common expenses regarding the common components. In traditional high-rise (single-use) buildings the common components of the condominium property include e.g., the outer walls, roof, cellar and a staircase or an elevator. Because of the nature of (single-use) buildings it is often fair to say that all condominium units have an equal benefit of the common components. Thus, it is regarded as being fair that all condominium units contribute to expenses to maintain and renew those common components. Therefore, the condominium law is partly designed to support this benefit-all principle, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities is done mainly by using a co-ownership share, where each condominium unit's share is calculated using the relative value and size of each condominium unit. The benefit-all principle does not consider the actual benefit of each condominium unit. However, the rise of mixed-use developments in Danish urban planning has made it necessary to further develop and customize the allocation of ownership rights in such mixed-use condominium schemes in order to specify the allocation of ownership rights and responsibilities of common components, mainly because it is not fair to accept that all units have the same benefit of the common components. Based on four case studies all representing mixed-use condominium developments we analyse various management structures used in Danish practice. In our conclusion we propose that condominiums are used broader than original intended for various non-residential purposes and in mixed-use developments. The effect of this, is more complicated condominium schemes that require a customized management structure and allocation of rights and restrictions of common components.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdIt is not easy to get a decent housing for low-income people (LIP) in the cities of Indonesia due to the limitation of land available for development in the urban areas allows the speculators to retain the benefits of land in an unregulated commodity business. This study aims to examine and analyze the establishment of land bank for ensuring the implementation of more prosperous, fair sharing and sustainable land management. The observational method of reviewing the land use issues, land bank models and legal basis was performed to understand the eligibility of land bank in management of land use to serve public interest of infrastructure construction and development of affordable housing for LIP in urban areas. The establishment of land bank institution in Indonesia is considered important to accommodate the need of lands in urban areas for a wide array of purposes. The analysis of landless housing prices in the Jabodetabek region for the development of five-story residential building can save more than 50% of income toward the necessity of affordable housing for LIP. The finding of this study may provide a contribution to get better understanding on the decision making process of sustainable land management at all levels of government in Indonesia particularly by the provincial government of Special Capital Territory of Jakarta.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Farmland is an essential agricultural production factor that farmers can choose to either buy or rent. In this paper, we apply a discrete choice experiment to analyse German farmers’ individual buying and rental decisions for farmland. Our results reveal that farmers have a higher willingness to buy than to rent farmland. Covariates such as farmers’ risk attitude affect the decisions in the discrete choice experiment while no effect was observable for individual expectations about future farmland prices. Direct payments considerably raise farmers’ willingness to buy and rent farmland. Farmers’ decisions deviate substantially from normative predictions from the present value model.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdLand grabbing is a phenomenon that has spread widely over the last two decades and which involves rich and emerging countries and international companies as protagonists in the large-scale acquisition of land in developing countries. Through the development of an econometric model that takes into account the annual size of land grabbing in the African countries, the research aims to understand the main intrinsic factors, linked to the hosting countries, that guide the large-scale acquisition of land by foreign investors. Results show that the presence of a high debt towards foreign organisations, the high availability of virgin lands, the strong vocation of the hosting country for the cultivation of cereals, and the dependence on foreign markets for the supply of food commodities would be some drivers that guide foreign investors to grab land in African countries for the cultivation of agricultural and food crops. In light of the economic, social, and environmental consequences of the phenomenon, the study provides interesting managerial implications for foreign investors and useful political indications for governments and policy-makers, and it lays the groundwork for future research.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdSpatial planning defines objectives for spatial ordering of a region, together with instruments required to realize them. However, since the future is uncertain, many factors involved in spatial planning are unknown in advance. Scenario-based forecasting is a common way to deal with this fundamental uncertainty. This prospective approach offers guidance to decision makers regarding problems that are likely to appear in the future, and possible ways to manage them in advance. The performance of the forecasting can be assessed in retrospect once the future arrives. However, a method for assessing past management of uncertainty is lacking. This is important because learning from past performance under uncertainty can provide useful insights for the future. These insights can help to design future scenario-based forecasts that are more accurate, and more robust to uncertainty. This paper develops a methodology to combine retrospective analyses focused on past performance with prospective scenario-based forecasting. We use info-gap decision theory to model and manage uncertainty in scenario-based forecasting assessing efforts to contain residential sprawl in the Netherlands. The suggested approach informs prospective scenario-based forecasting, learning from previous experiences regarding their performance and their management of uncertainty and robustness.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdWith the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) came to dominate daily activities (e.g., e-working, e-shopping, and e-leisure). The intensive use of ICT might trigger higher levels of spatial fragmentation of daily activities, having significant consequences for planning purposes. This paper seeks to estimate how ICT use and habits affect the individuals’ spatial fragmentation patterns in urban contexts on post-COVID-19 societies, while controlling for socioeconomic and built environment characteristics. The city of Alcalá de Henares (Madrid Metropolitan Area, Spain) serves as the case study. The research design is based on activity diaries obtained by face-to-face interviews, and Tobit and Poisson regression analyses are used to examine the relationships between spatial fragmentation measures (outcome variable) and ICT use (predictors). The results reveal that ICT might originate higher spatial fragmentation for work-related activities than for shopping-leisure purposes. For working activities, higher spatial fragmentation patterns are found among people with higher willingness to e-work and individuals who e-work at least once a month, but rather dependent on the occupation type. Regarding shopping and leisure activities, higher spatial fragmentation patterns are noted with car owners and more frequent consumers of online entertainment. The study provides insight into how ICT use is transforming spaces traditionally adapted for a single purpose into multifunctional spaces as well as the spatial effect of this phenomenon.
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