查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdUsing Brazil's Survey of Household Budget (POF) 2017–2018, this study develops a logit model to identify the social groups and their property features that are less likely to pay Urban Property Tax (UPT). The data shows that frequency of UPT payments among urban owner-occupied properties has increased from 36.1% to 56.1% over 15 years (comparing POF 2002–2003 and POF 2017–2018). The logit model reveals that property attributes (regional location, state capital location, and the availability of urban services) were the main determinants of UPT payment. Houses located in Northern Regions were 62.9% less likely of UPT payment, while houses locate in state capitals were 48.0% less likely. Houses benefited of only three typical urban services were 45.4% less likely comparing to houses with five urban services. In addition, households where the head of families are woman, non-white, self-employed or not working, with concern of food shortage, with more children and fewer years of study were also less likely of UPT payment than others. The study concludes that marginalization and regional specificities were the main determinants of UPT payment propensity and recommends tax policies to ensure more progressivity and to reduce regional disparities.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdIn the modern socialist system of China, the governments separated land ownership rights and land use rights to increase the access and demand for agricultural loans for the improvement of the social welfare of farmers. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the impact of farmland rights and land transfer on access, demand, and amount of agricultural loan under the socialist system of China. For this purpose, data from China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) were used to empirically analyze the objectives of the study using various econometric approaches particularly, the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method and Benchmark regression. Results depicted that farmland rights and land transfer-in positively and significantly impacted access, demand, and amount of loan. However, the land transfer-out reduced the demand for agricultural loan. Moreover, the land transfer-in found a positive mediating impact on access, demand, and amount of agricultural loan. While the negative mediating effect of the land transfer-out was only reflected in the access and demand for agricultural loan. The farm output of the previous year significantly and positively impacted availing the agricultural loan. While the age of farmers significantly and negatively impacted on availing the agricultural loan. The results also confirmed the regional differences regarding the impact of farmland rights and land transfer-out on availing the agricultural loan. Findings of the study suggest public authorities to increase capital input through state-owned farm assets to reduce the funding gaps and promote agro-environmental sustainability.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdDevelopment-limiting boundaries are widely used in land use regulation in Chinese cities to curb urban sprawl and protect the ecosystem and environment. Land management law in China has recently required the delineation of urban development boundary in national-territory spatial planning of each city. However, limited studies have focused on whether these development-limiting boundaries effectively contain urban land growth in Chinese cities. Hence, effectiveness of these growth management policies remains unclear. This study investigates urban land growth inside and outside the ecological redline and uses spatial difference-in-difference models to evaluate the net effect of boundary on urban land growth in Wuhan. Results revealed that compared with their counterparts grandfathered under the ecological redline control policy, the average net increase of urban land growth inside the ecological redline is 2.2 % after the policy intervention, thereby suggesting that the Ecological Baseline Area regulation is not so useful but pro-growth policy in Urban Construction Area work in place. Inefficient coordination mechanism, technical limitations and the key role of local governments are responsible for the failure of the boundary control policy. Intensive reform on differentiated and urban–rural integrated land use policy design and public supervision mechanism construction is necessary in the future.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Does agglomeration of space lead to carbon efficiency? This paper uses spatial models to analyze the impact and mechanism of producer services agglomeration on carbon efficiency of manufacturing industry based on the data from 286 prefecture-level cities and above in China. As urban spatial agglomeration is strongly influenced by the land-use policy and characterized by variegated degrees of industrial agglomeration, it shows various carbon efficiencies in China's context. The results indicate that urban producer services agglomeration has both direct and indirect positive effects on carbon efficiency of manufacturing industry, whilst the indirect spillover effects have prominent spatial attenuation characteristics with an effective boundary of 350 kilometers. Moreover, the agglomeration of low-end producer services shows a significant positive indirect effect on carbon efficiency, whilst the high-end has both direct and indirect significant positive impacts. In addition, the direct and indirect impacts of producer services agglomeration on carbon efficiency of manufacturing industry is different under city sizes. The mechanism analysis reveals that urban producer services agglomeration improves carbon efficiency of manufacturing industry through scale, technology spillover, and competition effects. And the marginal impact of these three effects on carbon efficiency of manufacturing industry increases as the producer services agglomeration rises. Besides, among the marginal impact of these three effects, the technology spillover effect is greater than the scale and competition effects.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdOne of the key stages of land consolidation is land reallocation, over the course of which the land of individual owners is pre-allocated to the blocks into which the project area is divided. The key to such an assignment is a set of adopted criteria, the most important of which are the effects of interviewing landowners. The problem of land partitioning is solved either as an optimisation issue in view of the assumed criteria, or as a technical problem related to the automation of the division of a block into new plots with an accuracy sufficient to create the consolidation project documentation and the accuracy requirements of cadastral databases. The article presents an algorithm of an analytical way of dividing a block of any differentiation of the land's value and any shape of the block itself, according to the adopted direction of the course of the new borders. The algorithm may be applied in cases, in which the plot boundaries are parallel to each other and run across the entire block. The speed of the algorithm enables dynamic determination of the plot boundaries in real time.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Cities globally have witnessed rapid growth, with the world's population becoming more urban than rural over the last decade. In Australia, this has led to rapid urban expansion into the peri-urban fringes to provide housing and services for its population. The subsequent loss of agricultural land is largely seen as a market driven process, however increasing attention has been given to the contributory role of land use planning policy, systems, and public actors in specific contexts. This study examines the drivers of peri-urban agricultural land loss in Greater Western Sydney (GWS), one of the fastest growing peri-urban regions in Australia, with a particular attention on the role of government agencies. Drawing together a comprehensive set of quantitative and qualitative data, we chart the various tensions in managing population growth and housing pressures whilst at the same time seeking to protect existing peri-urban agricultural land. The research sheds light on the size, value, and extent of peri-urban agricultural activity in GWS. It then shows the extent to which such land is being converted to more profitable end uses, like housing. It contends that competing housing priorities and private market interests will continue to take precedence, unless the current pro-urbanisation narrative and associated political priorities change. To this end, the study also found evidence that the rapid succession of shocks and stresses experienced in city regions such as Sydney has now led to some fruitful questioning of that agenda, and the placing of urban growth imperatives above the preservation of agricultural and rural lands, and other natural resources.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdPeri-urban land-use development is an important representation of urban-rural system evolution in developing countries. As the modern agriculture industry promotes rapid spatial pattern changes, modelling this phenomenon is of considerable interest to urban planners and city managers. Several methods have been developed to simulate the dynamics of land-use changes. However, the complexity of such dynamics can impede the usefulness of simulation methods. In this paper, a new cellular-automata and agent-based model (CA-ABM) is introduced into the spatial simulation and reorganisation of peri-urban areas. This simulation and predictive model uses the geographic information system platform and cellular automata tool. The basic components of this dynamic bottom-up approach are the actors in land-use development. Using six settlements from plains, hilly, and mountainous areas as examples combined with field investigation, remote sensing images, official land-use planning, and other data, this study analysed land-use evolution under the influence of farmers, developers, and government agents to illustrate the spatial simulation and land-use reorganisation mechanism of agricultural suburban settlements. Compared with previous studies, this study shows that the CA-ABM can reflect the dynamic behaviour of agents and successfully fuses peri-urban settlement attributes and spatially accurate simulation. Simultaneously, the proposed spatial optimisation mechanism provides a reference for the spatial reorganisation of agricultural suburban zones worldwide.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsUrban areas are hot spots of flood risk due to how urban development concentrates people and assets into hazard prone areas, reinforcing negative externalities on the welfare of urban residents. Mitigating flood risk in urban environments, however, is challenging. This is not only because the process generating flood risk is complex, but the objectives of city planners, residents and/or developers are also multi-faceted. Therefore, there are various trade-offs to be considered. One such problem across many areas of Europe and beyond is how to regenerate declined urban areas, to improve the welfare, prosperity, and image of the city. However, in turn, many areas within these cities will see this activity being traded-off against increased flood risk. Cost-benefit analysis represents a useful approach for assessing this trade-off, as a decision-support tool. In this paper we present an exploratory cost-benefit analysis of a potential urban regeneration project within the city of ústí nad Labem (Czechia) that seeks to highlight the potential magnitude of such trade-offs that need to be more often actively considered as a core, rather than peripheral, element of urban regeneration. We present an exploratory framework that can be expanded upon and integrated into wider regeneration visions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsLand tenure security perceived by farmers is generally considered an important precondition for rural development. In this paper, we first propose a holistic framework of land tenure security that integrates Van Gelder's tripartite view of tenure security with Ho's credibility thesis. Following this framework, we empirically investigate the interrelation between the cognitive and the affective components of tenure security perceptions, and analyze how these perceptions are influenced by psychological factors, such as personality traits and economic preferences. We apply the generalized structural equation modeling to a dataset collected in 2019 among 1359 rice farmers in three provinces in eastern China. We found that the cognitive component shows an inverse “U-shape” relationship with the affective component, indicating farmers are not necessarily worried about the possible future land reallocation even if they think it is very likely to take place and that the widely used indicator, i.e., estimated probability of land reallocation, is thereby not sufficient to reflect a farmer's overall perceived tenure security. We also found that individual differences in personality traits (e.g., neuroticism) can help explain observed variations in perceived tenure security. The results showing perceived land tenure security of rural farmers also comprises nonequivalent “feeling” and “thinking” components and their influencing psychological factors have important implications for future research and policy making on rural institutional development.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdIn payment for ecosystem services (PES) models, participants receive payments for conditionally securing the provision of ecosystem services. Nevertheless, various constraints and complex local contexts, common in real-world PES schemes, impede a perfect implementation of the model. I examine how fieldworkers implement PES given financial and monitoring constraints, using the case of the Bolsa Floresta program in the Brazilian Amazon, a policy instrument that pays 50 Brazilian Reais to participating families if they do not deforest primary forests. Building on in-depth interviews and participant observation, I argue that fieldworkers’ actions reveal deviations between PES theory and practice. They use their discretion at the local level to (1) adopt discursive practices that underemphasize the economic component of Bolsa Floresta and complement it with a pedagogical element, and (2) adopt trust-building practices based on organizational routines and boundary-making vis-à-vis command-and-control authorities. This deviation from PES theory implies that different policy instruments require different levels of trust depending on their coerciveness. My fieldworker-oriented approach complements PES scholarship by tying environmental fieldworkers’ routines and practices at the implementation level to strategies to address some common limitations of PES schemes.
NSTL
Elsevier