查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: Despite the substantial influence these acute alcohol-related problems cause globally, past research has failed historically to capture the dynamic nature of drinking events, including how multiple factors (ie, individual, group, and environmental) interact to affect event-level intoxication. Fortunately, technology (eg, transdermal alcohol monitors) and smartphone surveys have provided researchers with new avenues to measure the complex nature of alcohol consumption. This paper presents the methods of a pilot study that sought to measure event-level alcohol consumption in a natural drinking group of college students. Methods: Ten groups of friends (N=49) were followed for 2 weeks with daily diary surveys, continuous activity trackers, hourly geographic ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) on 4 separate drinking occasions, and a transdermal alcohol monitor during one group-based social event. Results: On average, participants responded to > 75% of both daily diaries and EMAs and were compliant with activity trackers on 96% of monitoring days. Over 90% of the sample had usable transdermal data and after smoothing, peak transdermal alcohol contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.395 during the observation evening. Conclusion: The lessons learned during this pilot study can provide a building block for future work in this area, especially as data collection in alcohol research rapidly advances.
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: Despite the substantial influence these acute alcohol-related problems cause globally, past research has failed historically to capture the dynamic nature of drinking events, including how multiple factors (ie, individual, group, and environmental) interact to affect event-level intoxication. Fortunately, technology (eg, transdermal alcohol monitors) and smartphone surveys have provided researchers with new avenues to measure the complex nature of alcohol consumption. This paper presents the methods of a pilot study that sought to measure event-level alcohol consumption in a natural drinking group of college students. Methods: Ten groups of friends (N=49) were followed for 2 weeks with daily diary surveys, continuous activity trackers, hourly geographic ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) on 4 separate drinking occasions, and a transdermal alcohol monitor during one group-based social event. Results: On average, participants responded to > 75% of both daily diaries and EMAs and were compliant with activity trackers on 96% of monitoring days. Over 90% of the sample had usable transdermal data and after smoothing, peak transdermal alcohol contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.395 during the observation evening. Conclusion: The lessons learned during this pilot study can provide a building block for future work in this area, especially as data collection in alcohol research rapidly advances.
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: Injuries are common events that impair the function of joggers; it is important to take effective measures to reduce the incidence of jogging injuries to maximize its benefits. Methods: We collected questionnaires from 3468 Chinese exercisers using a stratified random sampling method. We analyzed these data using AMOS 22.0 (IBM) and SPSS 26.0 (IBM). Results: We constructed a relationship model of jogging risk cognition, jogging risk behaviors, and jogging injury incidence, and the indicators fit well. The path coefficient between jogging risk cognition and jogging risk behaviors of joggers was -0.64; the path coefficient between jogging risk behaviors and jogging injuries incidence was 0.44; and the path coefficient between jogging risk cognition and jogging injuries incidence was -0.23. Conclusions: The higher the level of jogging risk cognition of joggers, the lower their jogging risk behaviors, leading to a lower incidence of jogging injuries. Based on the generally low level of jogging risk cognition of joggers, the construction of a jogging risk cognitive education system that can be integrated into universities, middle schools and primary schools, as well as family, school and society, is conducive to comprehensively improve the level of jogging risk cognition of joggers.
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: Injuries are common events that impair the function of joggers; it is important to take effective measures to reduce the incidence of jogging injuries to maximize its benefits. Methods: We collected questionnaires from 3468 Chinese exercisers using a stratified random sampling method. We analyzed these data using AMOS 22.0 (IBM) and SPSS 26.0 (IBM). Results: We constructed a relationship model of jogging risk cognition, jogging risk behaviors, and jogging injury incidence, and the indicators fit well. The path coefficient between jogging risk cognition and jogging risk behaviors of joggers was -0.64; the path coefficient between jogging risk behaviors and jogging injuries incidence was 0.44; and the path coefficient between jogging risk cognition and jogging injuries incidence was -0.23. Conclusions: The higher the level of jogging risk cognition of joggers, the lower their jogging risk behaviors, leading to a lower incidence of jogging injuries. Based on the generally low level of jogging risk cognition of joggers, the construction of a jogging risk cognitive education system that can be integrated into universities, middle schools and primary schools, as well as family, school and society, is conducive to comprehensively improve the level of jogging risk cognition of joggers.
Knettel, Brandon A.Karia, Francis P.Ramadhani, Habib O.Semvua, Seleman Khamis...
10页
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: In this study, we explored determinants of "researcher-observed" patient-initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) repackaging practices among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Northern Tanzania. Methods: We used a quasi-experimental design to describe the prevalence of ART self-repackaging; we conducted face-to-face surveys to determine factors associated with ART self-repackaging practices. Data collection sites included the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and the Mawenzi Referral Hospital. We used study-specific numerical identifiers assigned to ARTs packaging to determine self-repackaging behavior. Self-repackaging was defined as a binary variable where participants who discarded antiretroviral drugs packaging in at least 2 clinic visits were classified as self-repackagers. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the determinants of patient-initiated repackaging practices. Results: Among 590 study participants, 57.6% self-repackaged based on researcher observation and 55.6% self-repackaged based on patient report. Researcher-observed self-repackaging was associated with gender (AOR = 1.590; 95% CI: 1.011, 2.502), employment status (AOR = 0.475: 95% CI; 0.239, 0.942), and study site (AOR = 0.218; 95% CI: 0.134, 0.355). Conclusions: A substantial proportion of patients self-repackage their ARTs for various reasons. Health system interventions should focus on addressing the attributes of repackaging among men and unemployed patients.
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: In this study, we explored determinants of "researcher-observed" patient-initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) repackaging practices among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Northern Tanzania. Methods: We used a quasi-experimental design to describe the prevalence of ART self-repackaging; we conducted face-to-face surveys to determine factors associated with ART self-repackaging practices. Data collection sites included the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and the Mawenzi Referral Hospital. We used study-specific numerical identifiers assigned to ARTs packaging to determine self-repackaging behavior. Self-repackaging was defined as a binary variable where participants who discarded antiretroviral drugs packaging in at least 2 clinic visits were classified as self-repackagers. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the determinants of patient-initiated repackaging practices. Results: Among 590 study participants, 57.6% self-repackaged based on researcher observation and 55.6% self-repackaged based on patient report. Researcher-observed self-repackaging was associated with gender (AOR = 1.590; 95% CI: 1.011, 2.502), employment status (AOR = 0.475: 95% CI; 0.239, 0.942), and study site (AOR = 0.218; 95% CI: 0.134, 0.355). Conclusions: A substantial proportion of patients self-repackage their ARTs for various reasons. Health system interventions should focus on addressing the attributes of repackaging among men and unemployed patients.
Alammar, Muath A.Ram, DushadAl-Arifi, Osman AbdulazizAlseleem, Abdulaziz Talal...
9页
查看更多>>摘要：Background: Aggressive driving is prevalent and may be associated with impulsivity. The relationships between these variables among Saudi drivers have received scant attention. In this study, we aimed to examine the level of aggressive driving and its relationships with impulsivity among Saudi drivers in Shaqra. Methods: Overall, 504 Saudi drivers were recruited and assessed in this cross-sectional study using demographic and driving proforma, a self-reporting Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS), and an Aggressive Driving Behavior Scale (ADBS). Results: BIS and ADBS had mean scores of 37.97 (3.24) and 21.74 (8.51), respectively. In linear regression analysis, the value of the BIS non-planning subscale negatively predicted the value of the ADBS Conflict subscale (beta =-.151, p = .002) and Speeding subscale (beta =-.103, p = .031). In contrast, the value on the score of the BIS Motor subscale statistically significantly and positively predicted the value on the score of the ADBS Speeding subscale (Beta =-.103, p = .032). Conclusion: The result shows a differential link between the component of impulsivity and aggressive driving. The lack of foresight is negatively linked with conflict behavior and highspeed driving, whereas acting without thinking is positively associated with high-speed driving.
Alammar, Muath A.Ram, DushadAl-Arifi, Osman AbdulazizAlseleem, Abdulaziz Talal...
9页
查看更多>>摘要：Background: Aggressive driving is prevalent and may be associated with impulsivity. The relationships between these variables among Saudi drivers have received scant attention. In this study, we aimed to examine the level of aggressive driving and its relationships with impulsivity among Saudi drivers in Shaqra. Methods: Overall, 504 Saudi drivers were recruited and assessed in this cross-sectional study using demographic and driving proforma, a self-reporting Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS), and an Aggressive Driving Behavior Scale (ADBS). Results: BIS and ADBS had mean scores of 37.97 (3.24) and 21.74 (8.51), respectively. In linear regression analysis, the value of the BIS non-planning subscale negatively predicted the value of the ADBS Conflict subscale (beta =-.151, p = .002) and Speeding subscale (beta =-.103, p = .031). In contrast, the value on the score of the BIS Motor subscale statistically significantly and positively predicted the value on the score of the ADBS Speeding subscale (Beta =-.103, p = .032). Conclusion: The result shows a differential link between the component of impulsivity and aggressive driving. The lack of foresight is negatively linked with conflict behavior and highspeed driving, whereas acting without thinking is positively associated with high-speed driving.
查看更多>>摘要：Background: Despite numerous assessments of the public health impact of menthol cigarettes, a rigorous synthesis related to menthol cigarettes and behavioral outcomes is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the question: Does menthol cigarette use have a differential impact on initiation and progression to regular smoking compared to non-menthol cigarette use? Methods: We consulted 6 databases from their inception to October 15, 2021. We included articles comparing menthol versus non-menthol smokers among 4 predefined smoking initiation and progression outcomes. We assessed risk of bias was using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-Based Practice Center approach. We applied a random-effects model to pool adjusted odds ratios. Results: We qualitatively synthesized 16 adjusted studies across the outcomes. Results from one meta-analysis suggested no difference between menthol and non-menthol smokers in likelihood to report daily versus non-daily smoking. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis did not identify a consistent, statistically significant, or differential association between menthol use and progression to regular smoking. Varying definitions of outcome measures and lack of longitudinal evidence limited the confident conclusions that could be drawn from this evidence base.
查看更多>>摘要：Background: Despite numerous assessments of the public health impact of menthol cigarettes, a rigorous synthesis related to menthol cigarettes and behavioral outcomes is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the question: Does menthol cigarette use have a differential impact on initiation and progression to regular smoking compared to non-menthol cigarette use? Methods: We consulted 6 databases from their inception to October 15, 2021. We included articles comparing menthol versus non-menthol smokers among 4 predefined smoking initiation and progression outcomes. We assessed risk of bias was using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-Based Practice Center approach. We applied a random-effects model to pool adjusted odds ratios. Results: We qualitatively synthesized 16 adjusted studies across the outcomes. Results from one meta-analysis suggested no difference between menthol and non-menthol smokers in likelihood to report daily versus non-daily smoking. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis did not identify a consistent, statistically significant, or differential association between menthol use and progression to regular smoking. Varying definitions of outcome measures and lack of longitudinal evidence limited the confident conclusions that could be drawn from this evidence base.
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