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Journal of athletic training
National Athletic Trainers’ Association
Journal of athletic training

National Athletic Trainers’ Association

1062-6050

Journal of athletic training/Journal Journal of athletic trainingSSCISCIISTP
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    Use of Lifesaving Medications by Athletic Trainers

    Hoffman MMurphy MKoester M.CNorcross E.C...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：The athletic trainer's (AT's) emergency management skillset requires competency in the delivery of basic lifesaving medications. Some lifesaving medications have been a part of athletic training practice for decades, but that list has grown as ATs' practice settings have expanded, increasing the types of emergent conditions that the AT may have to treat. The 2020 Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) curricular standards require that athletic training students be trained to administer the following: supplemental oxygen, nitroglycerine, low-dose aspirin, bronchodilators, epinephrine using an automated injection device, glucagon, and naloxone. Clinically, the conditions treated by these medications can be categorized as cardiac, respiratory, hypoglycemia, and anaphylaxis. All ATs should know the indications, contraindications, administration methods, and details of patient monitoring for each medication. Generally, these medications are safe and have clear indications for use and few contraindications. Although ATs are trained to administer these medications, they must consider state laws and local policies governing administration. ? 2022 National Athletic Trainers' Association Inc.. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Natl Athletic Trainers Assoc Inc

    Clinical Management of Patellar Tendinopathy

    Rosen A.BWellst ENicola MTao M.A...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Patellar tendinopathy is a common yet misunderstood condition that afflicts a variety of patient populations. This lack of understanding affects the ability of clinicians to provide effective treatment interventions. Patients with tendinopathy often report long-term and low to moderate levels of pain, diminished flexibility, and reduced strength, as well as decreased physical function. Load-management strategies combined with exercise regimens focused on progressive tendon loading are the most effective treatment options for patients with patellar tendinopathy. This review will provide an evidence-based approach to patellar tendinopathy, including its pathoetiology, evaluation, and treatment strategies. ? 2022 National Athletic Trainers' Association Inc.. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Natl Athletic Trainers Assoc Inc

    Evidence for Economic Evaluations of Athletic Trainer Services

    Peterson CLi T
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Objective: Literature suggests athletic trainers (ATs) can help address health needs in a more affordable way across a variety of settings. We aimed to assess if AT services were cost effective when compared with no AT services or services by other health providers. Data Sources: We performed a key word search in 5 databases: MEDLINE (FirstSearch), PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar. We also conducted a generic web search to identify any informal sources that met the eligibility criteria. Study Selection: We used a comprehensive list of terms to search economic evaluation studies on ATs. Studies that met all the following criteria were included: economic evaluation studies on AT services, original studies written in English, and studies published in the last 10 years (2011 to present). Studies that examined either only costs or only benefits of AT services were excluded. Data Extraction: We extracted data using a predefined checklist that included major components of economic evaluation and data regarding athletic training practice setting. Results: We extracted 5 articles in our review, most of which supported the use of AT services as economically viable. The practice settings studied in the articles were 2 high school settings, 2 military settings, and a community outreach program that included several practice settings. The authors of only 1 study used a standard economic evaluation method and took insurance status into account. Conclusions: Our review showed that AT services can be a cost-effective option for addressing health care needs. However, the literature remains sparse, and an overall lack of consistency existed in outcome measures, analytical methods, and reporting practices, which reduced the comparability across studies. Authors of future studies on this topic should address these limitations, which will provide critical economic evidence to inform decision making on investing in AT services across various settings. ? 2022 National Athletic Trainers' Association Inc.. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Natl Athletic Trainers Assoc Inc

    Characteristics of Patient Encounters for Athletic Training Students during Clinical Education: A Report from the Association for Athletic Training Education Research Network

    Cavallario J.MWalker S.EBay R.CVan Lunen B.L...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Context: To enhance the quality of patient care, athletic training students (ATSs) should experience a wide variety of clinical practice settings, interact with diverse patient populations, and engage with patients who have a wide variety of conditions. It is unclear in what ways, if any, ATSs have diverse opportunities during clinical experiences. Objective: To describe the characteristics of patient encounters (PEs) ATSs engaged in during clinical experiences. Design: Multisite panel design. Setting: Twelve professional athletic training programs (5 bachelor's, 7 master's). Patients or Other Participants: A total of 363 ATSs from the athletic training programs that used E?Value software to document PEs during clinical experiences. Main Outcome Measure(s): During each PE, ATSs were asked to log the clinical site at which the PE occurred (college or university, secondary school, clinic, or other), the procedures performed during the PE (eg, knee evaluation, lower leg flexibility or range of motion, cryotherapy), and the patient's diagnosis, with the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision code (eg, S83.512A knee sprain, anterior cruciate ligament). Results: A total of 30 630 PEs were entered by 338 ATSs across 278 unique clinical settings. More than 80% of PEs occurred in college or university and secondary school settings. More than half of the diagnoses were categorized as affecting the lower body region. Examination and evaluation procedures and application of therapeutic modality procedures each contributed approximately 27% of procedures. Conclusions: It was surprising that ATSs were not gaining experience in all clinical practice settings in which athletic trainers commonly practice. Our data suggest that students may be consigned to working with patients who have more frequently occurring injuries, which may not prepare them for the realities of autonomous clinical practice. These findings indicate that directed efforts are needed to ensure that ATSs are provided opportunities to engage with diverse patient populations who have a variety of conditions in an array of clinical site types during their clinical experiences. ? by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Natl Athletic Trainers Assoc Inc

    The Association between Running Injuries and Training Parameters: A Systematic Review

    Fredette ARoy J.-SPerreault KDupuis F...
    22页
    查看更多>>摘要：Objective: To synthesize the current evidence on the incidence of running-related injuries (RRIs) and their association with training parameters (distance, duration, frequency, intensity), as well as recent changes in training parameters. Data Sources: Searches were conducted in MEDLINE/ Ovid, CINAHL, Embase, and SPORTDiscus from their inception through July 7, 2020. Study Selection: Included articles had to report prospective data on RRIs and training parameters or any changes in parameters and be published in English or French. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts. Data Extraction: Two independent raters performed data extraction and quality assessment using QualSyst, a quality appraisal tool. Data Synthesis: A total of 36 articles that involved 23 047 runners were included. Overall, 6043 runners (26.2%) sustained an RRI (incidence range = 8.8%-91.3%). The incidence of RRI was 14.9% in novice runners (range = 9.4%-94.9%), 26.1% in recreational runners (range = 17.9%-79.3%), and 62.6% in competitive runners (range = 52.6%-91.3%). The 3 most frequently injured body parts were the knee (25.8%), foot/ankle (24.4%), and lower leg (24.4%). Overall, evidence about the association between weekly running distance, duration, frequency, intensity, or specific changes in training parameters and the onset of RRIs was conflicting. Conclusions: Despite high rates of RRIs, current evidence does not consistently link RRIs with specific training parameters or recent changes in training parameters. Therefore, caution should be taken when recommending optimal parameters or progressions. Given the multifactorial nature of RRIs, future studies also need to consider the interactions between training parameters as well as psychosocial, hormonal, lifestyle, and recovery outcomes to better understand the onset of RRIs. ? 2022 National Athletic Trainers' Association Inc.. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Natl Athletic Trainers Assoc Inc

    Quantification Method and Training Load Changes in High School Cross-Country Runners Across a Competitive Season

    Garcia M.CPexa B.SFord K.RRauh M.J...
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Context: Running programs traditionally monitor external loads (eg, time and distance). Recent efforts have encouraged a more comprehensive approach to also account for internal loads (eg, intensity, measured as the session rating of perceived exertion [sRPE]). The combination of external and internal loads accounts for the possible interaction between these loads. Although weekly changes in training loads have been reported between external loads and the combination of external and internal loads during 2- and 4-week training cycles, no authors have indicated whether these differences occur during an entire cross-country season in high school runners. Objective: To compare changes in training loads, as measured by (1) external loads and (2) combined external and internal loads in high school runners during an interscholastic cross-country season. Design: Case series. Setting: Community-based setting with daily online surveys. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-four high school cross-country runners (females = 14, males = 10, age = 15.9 6 1.1 years, running experience = 9.9 ± 3.2 years). Main Outcome Measure(s): Week-to-week percentage changes in training load were measured by external loads (time, distance) and combined external and internal loads (time × sRPE [timeRPE] and distance 3 sRPE [distanceRPE]). Results: Overall, the average weekly change was 7.1% greater for distanceRPE than for distance (P = .04, d = 0.18). When the weekly running duration decreased, we found the average weekly change was 5.2% greater for distanceRPE than for timeRPE (P = .03, d = 0.24). When the weekly running duration was maintained or increased, the average weekly change was 10% to 15% greater when external and internal loads were combined versus external loads alone, but these differences were nonsignificant (P = .11-.22, d = 0.19- 0.34). Conclusions: Progression in the training load may be underestimated when relying solely on external loads. The interaction between internal loads (sRPE) and external loads (distance or time) appears to provide a different measure of the training stresses experienced by runners than external loads alone. ? 2022 National Athletic Trainers' Association Inc.. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Natl Athletic Trainers Assoc Inc

    Clinical Recovery Timelines after Sport-Related Concussion in Men's and Women's Collegiate Sports

    Bretzin A.CEsopenko CD'Alonzo B.AWiebe D.J...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Context: Researchers have identified sex differences in sport-related concussion incidence and recovery time; however, few have examined sex differences in specific recovery trajectories: time to symptom resolution, return to academics, and return to athletic activity across collegiate sports. Objective: To examine sex differences in sport-related concussion recovery trajectories across a number of club and varsity sports with different levels of contact. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Collegiate varsity and club sports. Patients or Other Participants: Sport-related concussions sustained by student-athletes (n = 1974; women = 38.8%) participating in Ivy League sports were monitored between 2013-2014 and 2018-2019. Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletic trainers collected concussive injury and recovery characteristics as part of the Ivy League-Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study's surveillance system. Time to symptom resolution, return to academics, and return to limited and full sport participation were collected. Survival analyses determined the time from injury to each recovery outcome for male and female athletes by sport. Peto tests were used to compare recovery outcomes between men's and women's sports and by sport. Results: The median (interquartile range [IQR]) was 9 days (IQR = 4-18 days) for time to symptom resolution overall, 8 days (IQR = 3-15 days) for return to academics, 12 days (IQR = 8-23 days) for return to limited sport participation, and 16 days (IQR = 10-29 days) for return to full sport participation. We observed differences overall between sexes for median time to symptom resolution (men = 8 days [IQR = 4-17 days], women = 9 days [IQR = 5-20 days]; P = .03) and return to academics (men = 7 days [IQR=3-14 days], women=9 days [IQR=4-17 days]; P < .001) but not for median time to return to athletics (limited sport participation: P= .12, full sport participation: P=.58). Within-sport comparisons showed that women's lacrosse athletes had longer symptom resolution (P = .03) and return to academics (P = .04) compared with men's lacrosse athletes, whereas men's volleyball athletes took longer to return to limited (P=.02) and full (P=.049) sport participation than women's volleyball athletes. Conclusions: Recovery timelines between sexes were different. Athletes in women's sports experienced longer symptom durations and time to return to academics compared with men's sports, but athletes in men's and women's sports presented similar timelines for return to athletics. ? 2022 National Athletic Trainers' Association Inc.. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Natl Athletic Trainers Assoc Inc

    Concussion Nondisclosure in Youth Sports

    Bretzin A.CAnderson MBhari NSchmitt A.J...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Context: Researchers conducting studies about sport-related concussion (SRC) reporting behaviors and reasons for nondisclosure primarily focus on older athletic populations. Youth athletes participating in contact sports are also at risk for SRC; however, little is known about their SRC disclosure patterns and reasons for nondisclosure. Objective: To examine the self-reported SRC history and reasons for SRC nondisclosure of youth athletes aged 8-14 years. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Youth athletes in organized football, ice hockey, lacrosse, or soccer. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 411 youth athletes (boys = 70.0% [n = 287/410]; median age = 11 [interquartile range = 10-13] years). Main Outcome Measure(s): A 15-minute survey including self-reported demographics, diagnosed and nondisclosed SRC history, and reasons for nondisclosure of suspected SRCs. Results: Ten percent of respondents (n = 41/411) recounted ≥ 1 diagnosed SRC, 12.7% (n = 52/411) did not report a suspected SRC, 13.1% (n = 53/404) indicated they continued to practice, and 12.3% (n=50/406) reported they continued to play in a game after a suspected SRC. Significant associations between sport and nondisclosure existed (P values < .001) but not with self-reported concussion history (P = .14). In sexcomparable analyses, boys' lacrosse players had a higher frequency of nondisclosure than girls (P = .05). The most common reasons for nondisclosure were not wanting to lose playing time (66.7%, n = 32/48), miss a game (56.3%, n = 27/ 48), and let the team down (43.8%, n = 21/48) and uncertainty over injury severity and the presence of SRC (43.8%, n=21/48). Conclusions: Ten percent of youth athletes self-reported at least 1 diagnosed SRC. However, they also described continuing to practice or play in a game after a suspected SRC. Reasons for nondisclosure at this age were similar to those reported in high school and collegiate athletes. Recent researchers suggested negative consequences of continued play with SRC, especially in the acute stages. Anyone conducting future educational initiatives should emphasize these risks and focus on reasons why athletes of both sexes withhold reporting. ? 2022 National Athletic Trainers' Association Inc.. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Natl Athletic Trainers Assoc Inc

    Playing Position and the Injury Incidence Rate in Male Academy Soccer Players

    Squires POrme PAnderson LWhitworth-Turner C.M...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Context: Whether playing position influences injury in male academy soccer players (ASPs) is unclear. Objective: To determine if playing position was associated with injury in ASPs. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: English, Spanish, Uruguayan, and Brazilian soccer academies. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 369 ASPs from the under-14 to under-23 age groups, classified as post-peak height velocity using maturity offset, and grouped as goalkeepers, lateral defenders, central defenders, lateral midfielders, central midfielders, or forwards. Main Outcome Measure(s): Injuries were recorded prospectively over 1 season. Injury prevalence proportion (IPP), days missed, and injury incidence rate (IIR, injuries/1000 training or match hours, n = 116) were analyzed according to playing position. Results: No association with playing position was observed for any injury type or location regarding IPP (P ≥.089) or days missed (P ≥ .235). The IIR was higher in central defenders than in lateral defenders for general (9.30 versus 4.18 injuries/1000 h, P = .009), soft tissue (5.14 versus 1.95 injuries/1000 h, P = .026), and ligament or tendon injuries (2.69 versus 0.56 injuries/ 1000 h, P = .040). The central versus lateral or forward positions were not associated with IPP (P ≥ .051) or days missed (P ≥ .083), but general IIR was greater in the central position than the lateral or forward positions (8.67 versus 6.12 injuries/1000 h, P= .047). Conclusions: Academy soccer players' playing positions were not associated with IPP or days missed, but the higher general, soft tissue, and ligament or tendon IIRs in central defenders suggest that this position warrants specific attention regarding injury-prevention strategies. These novel findings highlight the importance of considering training or match exposure when investigating the influence of playing position on injury in ASPs. ? by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Natl Athletic Trainers Assoc Inc

    Hip Flexibility and Pitching Biomechanics in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers

    Albiero M.LKokott WDziuk CCross J.A...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Context: Inadequate hip active range of motion (AROM) may stifle the energy flow through the kinematic chain and decrease pitching performance while increasing the risk for pitcher injury. Objective: To examine the relationship between hip AROM and pitching biomechanics during a fastball pitch in adolescent baseball pitchers. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A sample of 21 adolescent male baseball pitchers (age = 16.1 ± 0.8 years, height = 183.9 ± 5.2 cm, mass = 77.9 ± 8.3 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s): Bilateral hip external-rotation (ER), internal-rotation, flexion, abduction, and extension AROM were measured. Three-dimensional biomechanics were assessed as participants threw from an indoor pitching mound to a strike-zone net at regulation distance. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were used to determine relationships between hip AROM and biomechanical metrics. Results: Negative correlations were found at foot contact between back-hip ER AROM and torso-rotation angle (r = 0.468, P = .03), back-hip ER AROM and back-hip abduction angle (r =0.474, P = .03), and back-hip abduction AROM and lead-hip abduction angle (r = 0.458, P = .04). Back-hip extension AROM was positively correlated with increased stride length (r = 0.446, P = .043). Lead-hip abduction AROM was also positively correlated with normalized elbow-varus torque (r = 0.464, P = .03). Conclusions: We observed several relationships between hip AROM and biomechanical variables during the pitching motion. These findings support the influence that hip AROM can have on pitching biomechanics. Overall, greater movement at the hips allows the kinematic chain to work at maximal efficiency, increasing the pitch velocity potential. ? by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Natl Athletic Trainers Assoc Inc