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Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology
Springer
Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology

Springer

Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology/Journal Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology
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    A fruitful decade of bacterial ACC deaminase biotechnology: a pragmatic approach towards abiotic stress relief in plants

    Moon, Yong-SunAli, Sajid
    21页
    查看更多>>摘要：Global food security can be achieved through rigorous agricultural security because agriculture is the basis of food. Several reports have shown that environmental stresses greatly affect agriculture productivity around the globe. Abiotic stressors cause the stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis in plants, which is a crucial mediator of environmental stresses in plants. Thus, the mitigation of abiotic stress in plants is pivotal for enhancing plant growth and crop productivity. Many rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria encoding for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase have been used to modulate ethylene production inside plant tissues and alleviate the harmful effects of the stressful conditions. Various researchers have reported ethylene biosynthesis and its alleviation through ACC deaminase-producing bacteria. Despite this, the function and control of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) in ethylene biosynthesis must be deciphered under normal and stressful conditions. The robust expression of the bacterial acdS gene in transgenic plants is another pragmatic approach for alleviating abiotic stressors on different plants. The role of ACC deaminase-producing bacteria and transgenic plants expressing the acdS gene in combating stress ethylene is comparable, but transgenic plants can express the acdS gene under extreme environmental conditions while bacteria can not maintain its association with plants in such harsh conditions. The present review summarizes the recent work on ACC deaminase-producing rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria, their mechanism of action at the cellular level, physiological function, mitigation of abiotic stress conditions, and the potential use of bacterial acdS gene in horticultural crops over the last 10 years.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Brazilian Soc Plant Physiology

    Detoxification of aluminum by Ca and Si is associated to modified root cell wall properties

    Li, ZhigenHuang, FanHu, BaoweiQiu, Muqing...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Aluminum (Al) is an obstacle to crop production in acidic soils globally. Cations such as Ca and Si are capable of detoxifying toxic metals, especially Al. However, the underlying mechanism of the ameliorative effect is still unclear. In this study, effects of Ca and Si alleviating Al toxicity were investigated on soybean (Glycine max) through root elongation, cation exchange capacity (CEC), Al concentration of apical root tissues, cell wall fractions and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra features. The root expressed a higher elongation rate in the presence of Ca or Si under 32 mu M Al. Ruptures were observed on the root surface under low concentrations of Ca and Si, while high concentrations of Ca and Si offset Al symptoms. Additional Ca or Si treatments increased CEC of the root and decreased Al accumulation of apical root tissues. For the four fractions of the cell wall, Ca and Si increased pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose concentrations to a different degree. Characteristic absorption FTIR peaks were located at 1710, 1453, 1247, and 1154 cm(-1), indicating the presence of esterified pectin, carboxyl, and cellulose. Compared with control, the position of peaks under Ca or Si was moved to a higher wavenumber direction and stronger peaks intensity was observed. Detoxification of Al toxicity by Ca and Si is due to modified root cell wall fraction composition and their functional groups, which could inhibit transmembrane transport of Al into protoplast.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Brazilian Soc Plant Physiology

    Temperature and plant hormones alter gene expression and cell wall components of tomato

    Zou, JianWei, XiaoyingYang, JunZeng, Wenjing...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Fruit firmness is an important index affecting the shelf life of tomato fruits. The softening speed of the fruit may directly affect senescence, preservation, and transportation. Temperature control and treatment with the ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) are the main approaches to relieve the softening speed and improve the shelf life of fruits. In this experiment, the changes in cell wall components and the expression of cell wall metabolism-related genes were measured after different temperature and hormone treatments. The expression of ethylene synthesis and signal transduction-related genes after different temperature treatments was also analyzed. Results showed that the concentrations of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin were different under various treatments compared with control. Several genes related to cell wall metabolism, such as SlCel4, SlXET16-F1, SlXETB1-F2, SlXETB2-F2, SlXTH3-F1, SlXTH9-F1 and SlTBG7, exhibited difference in their expression level under various temperature, ethylene and 1-MCP treatments. All seven genes were downregulated at 12.5 degrees C and 1-MCP treatment compared with control. In addition, the expression of ethylene synthesis and signal transduction-related genes, including ACO5, SAMS1, SAMS2, SAMS3, ETR, EBF1, EBF2, EIL1, ERF1A and PTI5, showed variation at 4 degrees C, 12.5 degrees C, and 25 degrees C, and they were all downregulated at 4 degrees C. These results suggested that temperature and ethylene could affect the expression of cell wall metabolism-related genes, thus influencing cell wall metabolism. Intermediate temperature control and 1-MCP treatment were beneficial for delaying the ripening and senescence of tomato fruits.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Brazilian Soc Plant Physiology

    Large-scale evaluation of aluminum tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) acessions

    Ding, JianzhouYang, WeiHu, XiaoqiYan, Weina...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Germplasm screening is essential to effectively understand the mechanisms underlying aluminum (Al) toxicity, hence guide breeding strategies for alleviating the decline in crop productivity. This study screened a large population of 481 maize acessions by measuring eight net root traits, two biomass traits, and three Al concentration traits of seedlings in hydroponic cultures under Al stress. Aluminum stress significantly restrained the plant biomass and root growth. Meanwhile, genetic correlation analysis indicated that biomass traits were significantly correlated with net root traits in the presence or absence of Al treatment. The relative traits exhibited similar results; Al tolerance coefficient (ATC) of biomass traits and ATC of net root traits. Using principal component analysis (PCA), all maize acessions were classified as tolerant, meso-tolerant, or sensitive to Al stress according to Al tolerance index (ATI). The acessions were further categorized under high-performance, low-performance, or moderate-performance groups according to Al tolerance performance index (API). Subsequently, ATI and API defined seven Al-tolerant acessions with high performance and four Al-sensitive acessions with low performance. This large-scale evaluation of Al tolerance identified high-quality Al-tolerance maize acessions, hence providing vital information for further genetic analyses and breeding of maize for Al tolerance.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Brazilian Soc Plant Physiology

    Response of inflorescence structure and oil yield components to source-sink manipulation by artificial shading in olive

    Trentacoste, Eduardo R.Calvo, Franco E.Sanchez, Cecilia L.Calderon, Facundo J....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Olive yield components are first determined during flowering, ovary growth, and fruit set. However, variations of the assimilates available during these important processes have been little studied. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of source-sink alterations on (i) production of flowers and their structure, (ii) sink responsiveness source activity, and (iii) the relationship between final fruit mass and flower ovary size. Two levels of shading at 50% and 80% were applied in an orchard cv. Arbequina over three seasons, with two durations: short-period (SP, from harvest up to 20 days after flowering) and long-period (LP, continuous shading from beginning to end of the experimental period). An unshaded Control was included. Control presented the highest fruit yield and was 50% greater than both SP50-LP50, and 80% greater than both SP80-LP80. Fruit number was highly responsive to source-sink alterations. The control and both SP50-LP50 treatments presented similar fruit loads, whereas both SP80-LP80 produced 80% less fruits. Source activity alteration during pre-fruit set affected inflorescence structure. By contrast, during the post-fruit set, it drastically reduced inflorescence production. Fruit mass increased mainly due to fruit growth rate in relation to the assimilate. Reduction in ovary mass due to low source activity during pre-fruit set had a slight influence on final fruit mass when source activity was not limited during the post-fruit set period. Fruit oil concentration was highly conservative across a wide range of source-sink ratios.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Brazilian Soc Plant Physiology

    DNA methylation regulates the expression of salt tolerance gene FtNHX1 in Tartary buckwheat

    Wang, Ya-QiSong, Jin-NanYang, Hong-Bing
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：DNA methylation is an important part of epigenetics, which can regulate gene expression, cell differentiation, growth and development in plants. In this study, the salt-sensitive variety Chuanqiao No.2 of Tartary buckwheat was used as experimental material. Different concentrations of 5-azaC were used to infect Tartary buckwheat leaves and combined with gene expression analysis, it is determined that the appropriate concentration of 5-azaC treatment is 100 mu M. DNA methylation often occurs in the gene promoter region, causing gene transcription changes, and thus regulating the response to salt stress. By CpG island prediction and promoter region methylation site analysis of FtNHX1 gene, it was found that FtNHX1 gene expression was significantly regulated by DNA methylation. Moreover, after salt stress for 6 h, DNA methylation rate of FtNHX1 gene was increased. This increase of DNA methylation rate in a short time may inhibit over-expression of FtNHX1 gene.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Brazilian Soc Plant Physiology

    Sandstorms cause shrinkage of Haloxylon ammodendron shrubs and limit their self-renewal

    Tang, Jing-nianShi, Sheng-boZhou, Dang-weiWang, Fang-lin...
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Haloxylon ammodendron is an excellent windproof and sand-fixing species whose shrubs are widely cultivated in arid desert areas of northwest China but are now at risk of degradation and shrinkage. Using the chlorophyll fluorescence image analysis technique, the response of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency and non-photochemical quenching capacity to sediment-carrying wind and sand-free wind (both 12 m s(-1)) lasting for 10, 20, and 40 min were studied with seedlings in a wind tunnel. The results indicated that the sand-free wind had little influence on the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry, F-v/F-m, which was approximately 0.80 on average; however, the F-v/F-m decreased over exposure time in the sediment-carrying wind group, with values smaller than those in the wind-only group. The non-photochemical quenching was sensitive to wind erosion, and sediment-carrying wind could aggravate the reduction in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Except for the 10 min duration, the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry after dark recovery for 15 min, F-v(R)/F-m(R), was lower in seedlings exposed to sediment-carrying wind than in those in the wind-only group. Compared to wind-only, wind-blown sand led to a water imbalance and withering in seedlings, causing the concentration of photosynthetic pigments (when based on the fresh mass of green branches) to not decrease. With a longer exposure time to sediment-carrying wind, both the probability and extent of lignified spots occurring increased in green assimilative branches. Our results demonstrated that sediment-carrying wind at 12 m s(-1) lasting for 20 min or more could cause irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of H. ammodendron seedlings. Therefore, frequent and strong sandstorms are the main disturbance factors leading to shrinkage of shrubs and limiting their self-renewal.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Brazilian Soc Plant Physiology

    Long-term drought adaptation of unirrigated grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)

    Nagahatenna, DilrukshiPagay, VinayFurlan, Tarita S.Kidman, Catherine M....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Resilience to drought stress is an important crop selection and breeding target particularly under an environment of increasing freshwater scarcities resulting from higher evapotranspiration rates and reduced precipitation. Identifying new genetic material and clones with superior drought tolerance would increase available genetic resources and germ-plasm for both grapevine breeders and propagators, providing genetic material that has greater water use efficiency thereby reducing reliance on supplemental irrigation. Towards this goal, we explored the long-term drought adaptation of field-grown, unirrigated (or dry-grown) and own-rooted grapevines of pre-clonal origin from shallow (SR) and deep (DR) soils representing low and high soil water availability, respectively, in a South Australian vineyard. Despite lower soil moisture available to SR vines, both deep and shallow-rooted vines had similar vine water status, based on measurements of midday stem water potential (Psi(s)), and leaf net photosynthesis (A(n)). Due to the lower stomatal conductance (g(s)), SR had higher intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) than DR, however the carbon isotope ratio (delta(13) C) of the fruit at harvest was similar between the two groups. Our observations suggest a degree of drought adaptation in the SR vines resulting from multi-decadal cyclical droughts. Overall, we demonstrate that pre-clonal Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines dry-grown in shallow soils have an enhanced resilience to drought compared to dry-grown vines in deep soils. This study has implications for selection of crop genetic material in a changing climate.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Brazilian Soc Plant Physiology

    Leaves of neotropical savanna tree species are more heat-tolerant than leaves of semi-deciduous forest species

    Rossatto, Davi RodrigoPorfirio da Silva, Bianca Helena
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Increases of air temperature due to global warming suggest that plants could be exposed to temperatures above their optimum range for performing specific physiological functions in the future. Declines in carbon exchange rates would lead to significant decreases in species performance, particularly in those lacking traits associated to heat tolerance. Savannas and semi-deciduous forests are ecosystems with high biological diversity, scattered throughout the Neotropical landscape, and very dynamic areas controlled by species traits. Significant increases in air temperatures can affect such areas if plant species of these forests lack heat tolerance. We performed heat tolerance assays to obtain T-50 values of the photosystem II (PSII) of 30 Neotropical tree species from a savanna (15 species) and a semi-deciduous forest (15 species). Our goal was to test whether the typical savanna species are more heat-tolerant than semi-deciduous forest species. We also assessed if T-50 was correlated with leaf morphological traits such as specific leaf area and leaf thickness. We found savanna tree leaves with lower specific leaf area, higher thickness, and higher T-50 values than semi-deciduous forest plants (49.36 degrees C vs. 47.65 degrees C, respectively). Specific leaf area was negatively correlated to T-50 values. Our findings suggest that semi-deciduous forest species would be more affected by temperature increases than savanna species. Whereas species traits play an important role in the dynamics of forest-savanna areas, savanna species would be favored under warmer temperatures.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Brazilian Soc Plant Physiology

    The biological concept of stress revisited: relations of stress and memory of plants as a matter of space-time

    Galviz, YutceliaSouza, Gustavo M.Luettge, Ulrich
    26页
    查看更多>>摘要：All biotic and abiotic factors can act as stressors as surveyed here. In 1973 H. Selye has introduced a "biological stress concept" in medical science, which was subsequently adopted in plant biology and physiological ecology. Depending on the strength of stressors and the duration of their action, there is stimulating eustress and destructive distress. According to the stress concept the onset of stress elicits an alarm phase, which then leads the living systems into phases of recovery, hardening and resistance in the case of eustress and of exhaustion in the case of distress. Additionally, de-hardening and repair phases can be expressed. Stressors can also induce memory by priming living organisms or by being stored and recalled for recurrent events of stress. Moreover, the biological clock is involved. The dynamics of the phases, the bridges of the memory and the recordings of the clock underline the deeply fundamental role of time in the performance of living systems under stress. However, this performance is embedded in space, i.e., at the levels of organization of both the organisms and their environment at a range of spatial scales. We need space as a dimension additional to time, where time and space are correlated. In this essay we, therefore, advance the rendition to a "space-time biological stress concept". The time dimension is widened by adding memory of recurrent events. The correlated spatial dimension is added by considering different levels of organization.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Brazilian Soc Plant Physiology