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Annals of the American Association of Geographers
American Association of Geographers
Annals of the American Association of Geographers

American Association of Geographers

2469-4452

Annals of the American Association of Geographers/Journal Annals of the American Association of GeographersAHCISSCI
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    Situating El Nino: Toward a Critical (Physical) Geography of ENSO Research Practice

    Adamson, George
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Modes of climate variability such as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have important implications for how climate risks are understood and prepared for. This article establishes a new critical geography of ENSO research practice through examination of the production of ENSO science in three U.S. research centers, chosen for their dominance in ENSO knowledge production and their location outside of "teleconnection" regions. Scientists in these institutions revealed multiple and sometimes conflicting conceptualizations of ENSO and expressed disagreement over which components are most significant for research and wider society. Yet two factors are revealed that tend ENSO science toward the reductive: the increasing conceptualization of ENSO as a modeling problem associated with the importance of general circulation models and an institutional drive for simplicity in indexes and definitions by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Both have implications for disaster management and the broader geographies of risk, by reducing a multifaceted phenomenon into a set of indexes, definitions, and methodologies. The article thus argues for a new research agenda on the critical geographies of ENSO research practice, particularly focusing on the role of institutional priorities in constraining the practice and presentation of science.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Working from Home and Digital Divides: Resilience during the Pandemic

    Budnitz, HannahTranos, Emmanouil
    21页
    查看更多>>摘要：This article offers a new perspective on telecommuting from the viewpoint of the complex web of digital divides. Using the United Kingdom as a case study, this article studies how the quality and reliability of Internet services, as reflected in experienced Internet upload speeds during the spring 2020 lockdown, might reinforce or redress the spatial and social dimensions of digital divisions. Fast, reliable Internet connections are necessary for the population to be able to work from home. Although not every place hosts individuals in occupations that allow for telecommuting or with the necessary skills to effectively use the Internet to telecommute, good Internet connectivity is also essential to local economic resilience in a period like the current pandemic. Employing data on individual broadband speed tests and state-of-the-art time series clustering methods, we create clusters of UK local authorities with similar temporal signatures of experienced upload speeds. We then associate these clusters of local authorities with their socioeconomic and geographic characteristics to explore how they overlap with or diverge from the existing economic and digital geography of the United Kingdom. Our analysis enables us to better understand how the spatial and social distributions of both occupations and online accessibility intersect to enable or hinder the practice of telecommuting at a time of extreme demand.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    The Flexibility Fix: Low-Carbon Energy Transition in the United Kingdom and the Spatiotemporality of Capital

    Angel, James
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：The ongoing transition from fossil to renewable energy is said by many within the energy industry to require a more "flexible" electricity system. The suggestion is that the variability of renewable energy resources, alongside the increasing load placed on the electricity grid by decentralized renewable generation and the electrification of heat and transport, requires an enhanced capacity to change the spatial and temporal profiles of electricity supply and demand. Drawing on research within the UK electricity sector, this article contends that electricity flexibility schemes might constitute a socioecological fix for capitalism. I discuss Andreas Malm's claim that the spatiotemporality of renewable energy presents a limit to capital accumulation and suggest that this is a limit that UK flexibility initiatives seek to overcome. The article concludes by suggesting that electricity system flexibility should not be written off as an inherently reactionary sociotechnical project by virtue of its apparent enrollment within the reproduction of exploitative capitalist relations. Rather, I call attention to the political flexibility of electricity system flexibility and, in doing so, further develop ongoing attempts to theorize the socioecological fix in a more politicized manner.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Everyday Geography and Service Accessibility: The Contours of Disadvantage in Relation to Mental Health

    Kestens, YanFrohlich, Katherine L.Vallee, JulieShareck, Martine...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：This article investigates everyday geography of young adults and the unequal importance that spatial accessibility to a range of urban services might have for their mental health to identify those who are truly disadvantaged. Whereas the literature on the socially differentiated vulnerability to place effects has traditionally focused on the neighborhood of residence, we consider daily activity locations to explore whether socially disadvantaged populations are more exposed to (differential exposure) or more affected by (differential effect) low spatial accessibility to services compared to their more advantaged counterparts. Data came from 1,983 young adults (between eighteen and twenty-five years old) living in Montreal, Canada. We observed that less educated young adults had lower spatial accessibility to services in their activity space than their more educated counterparts but also that they were more vulnerable to having lower numbers of services in their surroundings: Lower service accessibility in the activity space was associated with poorer mental health among less educated young adults but not among the more educated. We suggest three sociospatial mechanisms related to (1) place experiences, (2) flexibility in spatial behavior, and (3) rules regulating actual access to services to explore why the "objective" lack of services close to residential and activity locations might represent a greater burden to more socially disadvantaged people.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Does the Belt and Road Initiative Really Increase CO2 Emissions?

    Tang, DongmeiLi, XiaXu, XiaocongLiu, Xiaoping...
    20页
    查看更多>>摘要：There are debates on whether the implementation of the Belt and Road (BR) initiative could significantly increase CO2 emissions in participating countries. Nevertheless, the policy effect of the BR initiative on both consumption- and production-based CO2 emissions has not been fully explored. In this study, we quantified the consumption- and production-based CO2 emissions in BR countries with a multiregional input-output model. Then, a difference-in-differences (DID) model was used to identify the CO2 emissions caused by the BR initiative. Results showed that the production-based CO2 emissions (20.77 Gt) were 11 percent higher than the consumption-based CO2 emissions (18.71 Gt) in BR countries. The BR initiative had a significant, positive effect on per-capita consumption-based CO2 emissions (p value < 0.1), with an average increase of 0.51 t/cap/year, but had no significant effect on per-capita production-based CO2 emissions (p value > 0.1). These results imply that the BR initiative promoted regional consumption to achieve common prosperity and boosted green transformation of regional economy. Moreover, non-BR countries that have consumed CO2-embedded products should take responsibility for the CO2 emitted in BR countries. Participants should give priority to strengthening the cooperation based on their country's infrastructure conditions rather than the proximity to China. These findings clarify the policy effect of the BR initiative and distinguish the CO2 emission responsibility from both consumption- and production-based perspectives.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Uncertainties in the Assessment of COVID-19 Risk: A Study of People's Exposure to High-Risk Environments Using Individual-Level Activity Data

    Huang, JianweiKwan, Mei-Po
    20页
    查看更多>>摘要：Based on different conceptualizations and measures of individual-level environmental exposure, this study examines how the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP) and the neighborhood effect averaging problem (NEAP) might affect the assessment of COVID-19 risk. Using the COVID-19 data on an open-access government Web site and the individual-level activity data of sixty confirmed COVID-19 cases (infected persons) in Hong Kong, we first represent COVID-19 risk environments using case-based and venues-based high-risk locations. The COVID-19 risk of each of the sixty selected cases is then evaluated by three approaches based on their exposures to the case-based or venues-based risk environments: the mobility-based approach, the residence-based approach, and the activity space-based approach. The results indicate that the UGCoP and the NEAP exist in the assessment of COVID-19 risk, which has significant implications: Ecological COVID-19 studies need to address the uncertainties due to the UGCoP and the NEAP by considering people's daily mobility. Otherwise, ignoring peoples' daily mobility and its interactions with complex and dynamic COVID-19 risk environments could lead to misleading results and misinform government nonpharmaceutical intervention measures.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Beyond Local Case Studies in Political Ecology: Spatializing Agricultural Water Infrastructure in Maharashtra Using a Critical, Multimethods, and Multiscalar Approach

    Shah, Sameer H.Harris, Leila M.
    20页
    查看更多>>摘要：Political ecologists (PEs) have powerfully illuminated dynamics responsible for the uneven distribution of resources and risk in society. However, localized PE approaches have been criticized as insufficient for producing careful generalizations needed to affect policymaking. We offer an approach to critically explore factors that shape the distribution of climate adaptation interventions-and their potential equity and sustainability-related implications-across larger, policy-relevant scales. Our methodology uses local field-work findings to inform secondary data collection and specify mesoscale regression models, which reanalyze, at larger spatial scales, potentially meaningful relationships between social, economic, and environmental factors and the distribution of adaptation initiatives. An epistemological heuristic is offered to navigate the consistencies and inconsistencies between local qualitative and mesoscale quantitative data to develop a more comprehensive, yet partial, understanding of scaled political-ecological relations. The integrative approach is applied to analyze how sociospatial and biophysical characteristics affect the distribution of more than 16,000 farm ponds across 352 subdistricts in Maharashtra, an emerging adaptation subsidized by the state government to reduce crop risks from precipitation variability. The degree of compatibility between local qualitative and regional-scale quantitative results can support the development of novel research questions and actionable science for policy change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Fragments for the Future: Selective Urbanism in Rural North India

    Dyson, JaneJeffrey, Craig
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Scholars are increasingly rethinking the urban, the rural, and the urban-rural binary. This article advances understanding of rural and urban imaginaries through examining how young people in a village in north India develop practices that they regard as "urban" to protect rural futures. Young adults (aged eighteen to thirty) in the village of Bemni, Uttarakhand, develop urban-style educational facilities and agricultural practices as well as performances of gender empowerment imagined as urban with a view to improving the functioning of their village and preventing migration to cities. Through analyzing these practices of "selective urbanism," we point to the production of ideas of urbanism and rurality beyond the metropolitan and large city regions usually studied and the importance especially of the performance of urban fragments in people's conceptions of rural futures. We also examine how value is attached to ideas of the rural and urban and how people deploy as well as problematize the rural-urban binary.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    What Is Essential Travel? Socioeconomic Differences in Travel Demand in Columbus, Ohio, during the COVID-19 Lockdown

    Kar, ArmitaLe, Huyen T. K.Miller, Harvey J.
    24页
    查看更多>>摘要：The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly reshaped urban mobility. During the lockdown, workers teleworked if possible and left home only for essential activities. Our study investigates the spatial patterns of essential travel and their socioeconomic differences during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in comparison with the same period in 2019. Using data from Columbus, Ohio, we categorized travelers into high, moderate, and low socioeconomic status (SES) clusters and modeled travel demand of SES clusters for both phases using spatially weighted interaction models. Then, we characterized the SES variability in essential travel based on frequently visited business activities from each cluster. Results suggest that disparities in travel across SES clusters that existed prior to COVID-19 were exacerbated during the pandemic lockdown. The diffused travel pattern of high and moderate SES clusters became localized and the preexisting localized travel pattern of low SES clusters became diffused. During the lockdown, the low and moderate SES clusters traveled mostly for work with long- and medium-distance trips, respectively, whereas the high SES cluster traveled mostly for recreational and other nonwork purposes with short-distance trips. This study draws some conclusions and implications to help researchers and practitioners plan for resilient and economically vibrant transportation systems in response to future shocks.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    "We Spray So We Can Live": Agrochemical Kinship, Mystery Kidney Disease, and Struggles for Health in Dry Zone Sri Lanka

    Senanayake, Nari
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：In March 2015, Sri Lanka's then-President Maithripala Sirisena launched the Toxic Free Nation Movement as a long-term solution to a mysterious form of kidney disease (CKDu) now endemic in the island's dry zone. As part of this strategy, in 2016 the movement worked with farmers in north-central Sri Lanka to cultivate indigenous rice varieties without agrochemicals. Yet, within a year, 80 percent of farmers who experimented with indigenous and organic rice farming had switched back to some form of agrochemically intensive cultivation. In this article, I examine farmers' narratives of why this happened, demonstrating how the movement's conceptualization of agricultural harm often missed the forms of accounting most salient for residents themselves. Instead, through their testimonies, residents track how polyvalent relationships with agrarian toxicity mediate (1) vulnerabilities to simple reproduction squeezes, (2) reliance on grain fungibility, and (3) strong but bittersweet attachments to dry zone agrarian landscapes. As a consequence, I document how residents respatialize their knotted relationships to agrarian toxicity to include moments of what I call "agrichemical kinship." I argue that this optic helps us grasp the ways in which agrochemicals simultaneously erode and enable modes of social reproduction against a backdrop of rural stagnation. Following feminist scholars of toxicity, this article not only reveals intimate, yet undertheorized, connections between the field of toxic geographies and the concept of social reproduction but also dashes hopes of any simple equation between banning agrichemical inputs and enacting health in the wake of CKDu.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis