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Water resources research
American Geophysical Union
Water resources research

American Geophysical Union

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0043-1397

Water resources research/Journal Water resources researchSCIISTPEI
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    Groundwater Vulnerability in a Megacity Under Climate and Economic Changes: A Coupled Sociohydrological Analysis

    Bin LiYi ZhengGiuliano Di BaldassarrePeng Xu...
    e2022WR033943.1-e2022WR033943.20页
    查看更多>>摘要：Groundwater depletion has become increasingly challenging, and many cities worldwide have adopted drastic policies to relieve water stress due to socioeconomic growth. Located on the declining aquifer of the North China Plain, Beijing, for example, has developed plans to limit the size of the city's population. However, the effect of population displacement under uncertain macroeconomic and climate change remains ambiguous. We adopt a sociohydrological model, with explicit consideration of the dynamics of human-water interactions, to explore the groundwater vulnerability of Beijing. We investigate how human response might shape the development trajectories of the groundwater-population-economy system under different macroscale economic and climate scenarios. Furthermore, we use a machine learning algorithm to identify the decisive factors to be considered for reducing groundwater vulnerability. Our results show that while rapid external economic development or larger annual average precipitation would enable recovery of the groundwater table in the short term, they may slacken human water shortage awareness and result in more acute groundwater depletion in the long run. Strengthening policymaker perceptions of groundwater depletion would prompt timely response policies for controlling population size. Improving the quantity and quality of labor force input to economic development would avoid downturns in the economy due to labor shortages. The outcomes of this study suggest that these strategies would effectively reduce groundwater vulnerability in the long run without causing severe socioeconomic recession. These findings highlight the importance of endogenizing human behavioral dynamics in sustainable urban water management.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Amer Geophysical Union

    Effect of Solar Farms on Soil Erosion in Hilly Environments: A Modeling Study From the Perspective of Hydrological Connectivity

    Hu LiuChuandong WuYang YuWenzhi Zhao...
    e2023WR035067.1-e2023WR035067.30页
    查看更多>>摘要：Hydrological connectivity (HC) is a useful framework for understanding hydrological responses to landscape changes. We present herein a novel model (SOFAR) for utility-scale solar farms (USFs), combining modules of soil moisture dynamics, roof effects of photovoltaic panels (PVs), vegetation growth and landform evolution. By augmenting the model with a DEM-based HC index, we investigate hydrological behaviors following the construction of a USF in China's Loess Hilly Region. Nine scenarios are designed, to explore the effects of co-evolving ecohydrology and landscape on soil erosion and HC in USFs deployed in different climates and terrains, by altering the annual precipitation, rainfall frequency, and ground slope. Our results show that the USF considerably increased runoff (99.18%-l 54.26%) during its operational period, and soil erosion rate (21.4%-74.84% and 25.35%-76.18%) and HC (0.08%-0.26% and 0.47%-0.91%) throughout construction and operational periods, respectively. The highest erosion rates were detected in the PV installation zones and in the areas close to the river channel. We prove the hypothesis that HC is a critical indicator for sediment yield in a USF, and thus the long-term responses of soil erosion to USF installation and development can be explained in terms of HC. We conclude that USFs may increase soil erosion, mainly by increasing local HC and runoff, and higher background HC may in turn further aggravate the effects of USFs on soil erosion. Our results underscore the importance of including landscape ecohydrologic and geomorphic feedbacks, to improve the environmental impact assessment of USFs.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Amer Geophysical Union

    Looking for Theory-Practice Synthesis for Actionable Outcomes: A Continuing Special Collection for Translational Water Research

    Shafiqul IslamTissa H. IllangasekareJohn SelkerGeorgia Destouni...
    e2023WR036728.1-e2023WR036728.3页
    查看更多>>摘要：Translational research (TR) represents a promising systematic process for going from scientific discoveries to practical applications. Through conversations with academics, practitioners, decision-makers and users, there has emerged a broad level of water science community support for including TR in Water Resources Research (WRR) publications. Based on this, we now open a continuing special collection of TR papers in WRR. The aim is to facilitate a community within hydrology and water science that seeks to provide actionable knowledge for societal benefit across disciplines, scales and contexts, with a focus on water as a key societal resource or a risk (e.g., of floods, droughts, or as pollutant carrier). This Editorial discusses what the multi-faceted nature of TR may include in the context of WRR, why it is important to encourage TR papers in WRR, and how the opening of a continuing special collection of translational water research papers initiates a process to include such articles in the journal.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Amer Geophysical Union

    Inter-Basin Water Transfer Effectively Compensates for Regional Unsustainable Water Use

    Jianzhi DongXi ChenYuxi LiMan Gao...
    e2023WR035129.1-e2023WR035129.14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Globally, a persistent decline of freshwater availability has been identified over a number of intensively irrigated agricultural regions. Large-scale inter-basin water transfer (IBWT) has been suggested as a key tool for stabilizing regional terrestrial water storage (TWS). However, IBWT projects are prohibitively expensive, and their large-scale cost effectiveness remains unclear. Here we quantify the IBWT impacts on TWS trends in the North China Plain (NCP), a global hotspot for TWS depletion and IBWT. Based on in-situ observations, remote sensing, and water balance principles, we provide a framework to disentangle complex climate and anthropogenic impacts on NCP TWS. Results show that the NCP TWS depletion rate was significantly attenuated in 2015-2021, which is primarily attributable to recently enhanced IBWT. Otherwise, the average NCP TWS would currently be 94.9 ± 4.9 mm (or 12.2 ± 0.6 km~3) lower. However, the positive effect of IBWT is partly offset by increased crop water consumption (-24.1 ± 5.2 mm or -3.1 ± 0.7 km~3). IBWT and agricultural management (i.e., reducing crop density) are both necessary for stabilizing future NCP TWS. Otherwise, a TWS declining trend exceeding 100 mm/year may occur under elevated CO_2 conditions. As such, this study verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of IBWT for mitigating regional water shortages, as well as the crucial role of agricultural management in stabilizing regional TWS.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Amer Geophysical Union

    Event-Based Recession Analysis for Estimation of Basin-Wide Characteristic Drainage Timescale and Groundwater Storage Trends

    Mehvish HameedMunir Ahmad NayakManzoor Ahmad Ahanger
    e2023WR035829.1-e2023WR035829.19页
    查看更多>>摘要：In the absence of precipitation or any other recharge source, baseflow sustains natural surface water bodies like streams and rivers. It also indicates the quality and quantity of storage in the aquifers underlying the basin. Thus, identifying and extracting baseflow is critical for most hydrological studies, for example, estimating water budget, watershed characteristics, and groundwater surface-water interactions. Most approaches for baseflow separation are based on recession hydrographs obtained solely from streamflow observations. A few studies have used the absence of precipitation as a filter for extracting baseflows for recession analysis, but not for estimating changes in groundwater storage. We demonstrate that an accurate estimation of drainage characteristic recession timescale K for a linear storage-discharge relationship should be based on carefully selected individual baseflow events extracted from streamflow observations complemented with precipitation observations. The drainage/recession timescale varies with time, even for a single basin, and hence, should not be generalized to a specific range for a wide range of basins. Estimations of groundwater storage trends and aquifer characteristics from streamflow and lumped analysis can be misleading. Event-based recession analysis yields large variations in characteristic drainage timescales for a given catchment, which appears a more realistic representation of basin-wide aquifer characteristics that are known to vary with antecedent climate. In the Rock River basin, we find contrasting trends in the estimated groundwater storages in two selected periods, which are then attributed to the contrasting trends in annual rainfall and evapotranspiration. The approach presented here would be beneficial in investigating aquifer characteristics and storage trends.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Amer Geophysical Union

    Modeling the Streamflow Response to Heatwaves Across Glacierized Basins in Southwestern Canada

    Sam AndersonValentina Radic
    e2023WR035428.1-e2023WR035428.20页
    查看更多>>摘要：In addition to having far-reaching impacts on human health, agriculture, wildfires, ecosystems, and infrastructure, heatwaves control streamflow through the melting of seasonal snow and glacier ice. Despite their importance, there is limited understanding of how heatwaves modify streamflow at regional scales, how these impacts vary by heatwave timing and duration, and how glaciers control the streamflow response. Here, we use a deep learning hydrological model, which has previously been trained, evaluated, and interpreted in southwestern Canada, to simulate the streamflow response to heatwaves at 111 basins in the region. The model, driven by gridded ERA5 reanalysis temperature and precipitation data from 1979 to 2015, is forced by synthetic heatwave conditions that vary in their duration and onset throughout the year. We consider how the streamflow response to heatwaves is sensitive to annual temperatures by adding spatially and temporally uniform warming of 2℃ across the study region, under the assumption that the underlying hydrological system behavior remains unchanged. We find that heatwaves, particularly in spring and summer, induce an initial streamflow surplus followed by a streamflow deficit, relative to the non-heatwave case. In summer, glacier contributions to streamflow partially compensate for streamflow deficits that arise from heatwaves earlier in the melt season. In the scenario with 2℃ warmer annual temperatures, heatwaves induce a lesser streamflow response in spring when the seasonal streamflow is most increased due to the advancing freshet. Our findings demonstrate how glaciers buffer the impacts of heatwaves on streamflow, but this buffering effect is expected to diminish as glaciers retreat.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Amer Geophysical Union

    Train, Inform, Borrow, or Combine? Approaches to Process-Guided Deep Learning for Groundwater-Influenced Stream Temperature Prediction

    J. R. BarclayS. N. ToppL. E. KoenigM. J. Sleckman...
    e2023WR035327.1-e2023WR035327.19页
    查看更多>>摘要：Although groundwater discharge is a critical stream temperature control process, it is not explicitly represented in many stream temperature models, an omission that may reduce predictive accuracy, hinder management of aquatic habitat, and decrease user confidence. We assessed the performance of a previously-described process-guided deep learning model of stream temperature in the Delaware River Basin (USA). We found lower accuracy (root mean square error [RMSE] of 1.71 versus 1.35℃) and stronger seasonal bias (absolute mean monthly bias of 1.06 vs. 0.68℃) for reaches primarily influenced by deep groundwater as compared to atmospheric conditions. We then tested four approaches for improving groundwater process representation: (a) a custom loss function leveraging the unique patterns of air and water temperature coupling characteristic of different temperature drivers, (b) inclusion of additional groundwater-relevant catchment attributes, (c) incorporation of additional process model outputs, and (d) a composite model. The custom loss function and the additional attributes significantly improved the predictive accuracy in groundwater-dominated reaches (RMSE of 1.37 and 1,26℃) and reduced the seasonal bias (absolute mean monthly bias of 0.44 and 0.48℃), but neither approach could identify holdout groundwater reaches. Variable importance analysis indicates the custom loss function nudges the model to use the existing inputs more efficiently, whereas with the added features the model relies on a broader suite of inputs. This analysis is a substantial step toward more accurately representing groundwater discharge processes in stream temperature models and will improve predictive accuracy and inform habitat management.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Amer Geophysical Union

    Linking Water Age, Nitrate Export Regime, and Nitrate Isotope Biogeochemistry in a Tile-Drained Agricultural Field

    Zhongjie YuYinchao HuLowell E. GentryWendy H. Yang...
    e2023WR034948.1-e2023WR034948.26页
    查看更多>>摘要：Accurately quantifying and predicting the reactive transport of nitrate (NO_3~- ) in hydrologic systems continues to be a challenge, due to the complex hydrological and biogeochemical interactions that underlie this transport. Recent advances related to time-variant water age have led to a new method that probes water mixing and selection behaviors using StorAge Selection (SAS) functions. In this study, SAS functions were applied to investigate storage, water selection behaviors, and NO_3~- export regimes in a tile-drained corn-soybean field. The natural abundance stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of tile drainage NO_3~- were also measured to provide constraints on biogeochemical NO_3~- transformations. The SAS functions, calibrated using chloride measurements at tile drain outlets, revealed a strong young water preference during tile discharge generation. The use of a time-variant SAS function for tile discharge generated unique water age dynamics that reveal an inverse storage effect driven by the activation of preferential flow paths and mechanically explain the observed variations in NO_3~- isotopes. Combining the water age estimates with NO_3~- isotope fingerprinting shed new light on NO_3~- export dynamics at the tile-drain scale, where a large mixing volume and the lack of a strong vertical contrast in NO_3~- concentration resulted in chemostatic export regimes. For the first time, NO_3~- isotopes were embedded into a water age-based transport model to model reactive NO_3~- transport under transient conditions. The results of this modeling study provided a proof-of-concept for the potential of coupling water age modeling with NO_3~- isotope analysis to elucidate the mechanisms driving reactive NO_3~- transport.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Amer Geophysical Union

    A Process-Based Model to Track Water Pollutant Generation at High Resolution and Its Pathway to Discharge

    Yujie ZhuangXin LiuZengwei YuanHu Sheng...
    e2023WR034738.1-e2023WR034738.18页
    查看更多>>摘要：The estimation of water pollutant loads is of crucial importance as it decides data inputs for both subsequent water quality models and watershed pollutant mitigation strategy. However, the generation of water pollutant loads at high resolution and the life-cycle pathway of them from sources, through pipelines and wastewater treatment plants, finally to recipient water bodies remain unclear. This study aims to establish a process-based Water Pollutant Loads Tracking model and applies it to a rapidly urbanizing watershed in Taihu Lake Basin, China at the resolution of 5 m × 5 m in 2017, whose terrain is flat, slowly lowing from west to east. Results show that, of 261.55 tons of the total phosphorus (TP) generation, 71.28% is collected, and 64.32% is treated, with only 26.46% discharged to the water bodies and 1.25% to the target ones. The spatial hotspots of TP generation are mainly concentrated in residential and industrial areas. Direct discharges from point sources and nonpoint runoffs, especially in rainy seasons, are recognized as the main challenges for local water pollution control. The main innovation of this study is to quantify the generation of water pollutant loads at high resolution and to trace the subsequent pathway to collection and discharge, and then to identify the potential substantial gap between generation and discharge, demonstrating the efficacy and broader applicability of this model.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Amer Geophysical Union

    The Effect of Sediment Transport Models on Simulating River Dune Dynamics

    L. R. LokinJ. J. WarminkS. J. M. H. Hulscher
    e2023WR034607.1-e2023WR034607.17页
    查看更多>>摘要：River dunes, dynamic bedforms in the river bed, limit navigable depths during low flows and increase bed roughness. To predict the navigable depth or where maintenance dredging is needed, a numerical dune development model can be a powerful tool. To study the effect of sediment transport on dune shape and propagation, four different sediment transport models were applied in an existing dune development model. Each sediment transport model was able to simulate dune propagation, while only sediment transport models based on the shear stress reshaped the river dunes. The tested sediment transport models can simulate dune celerity similar to observations and realistic, though different, dune shapes for low and median discharges. Implementation of a gravitational bed slope effect combined with a critical shear stress results in low angle dunes, which are representative for river dunes during low river flows. Sediment transport models with spatial relaxation, also result in low angle dunes. However, the relaxation parameters need to be redefined for low flow situation to prevent transition to upper stage plane bed at too low flow velocities. Further analysis of the resulting dune shapes shows that the sediment transport model determines the dune shape in terms of slope angles, while the dune height is related to the total transport capacity.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Amer Geophysical Union