期刊,Animal behaviour 2016年112卷期_国家学术搜索

期刊信息/Journal information

Animal behaviour

Bailliere Tindall [etc.]

主办单位：Bailliere Tindall [etc.]

国际刊号：0003-3472

Animal behaviour/Journal Animal behaviourSCIISSHPISTPAHCI

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Fitness and hormonal correlates of social and ecological stressors of female yellow-bellied marmots

Blumstein, Daniel T.Keeley, Kathryn N.Smith, Jennifer E.

1-11页

查看更多>>摘要：The effects of social and ecological stressors on female reproductive success vary among species and, in mammals, previous reviews have identified no clear patterns. However, few studies have simultaneously examined the relation between social rank and stressors and the relationships among rank, stressors and reproductive success. We used a long-term data set to study free-living facultatively social yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris, to isolate the relationship between female social dominance rank and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) levels (our measure of basal stress) in adult females. In addition, we examined whether rank and FGM levels were associated with reproductive success by quantifying the probability of an individual successfully weaning a litter and, for those who did, litter size. Highranking females had lower FGM levels and larger litters. However, females with the highest FGM levels were significantly more likely to wean a litter. Importantly, body condition (as measured by previous year's mass) was also positively associated with breeding and with weaning larger litters. Thus, although low-ranking females probably experienced more social stressors than high-ranking females and although adult females often delayed their first reproduction until they were of a sufficient mass, our results suggest that elevated baseline FGM levels failed to mediate reproductive suppression. Perhaps, in species like marmots that have only a single chance per year to reproduce, reproductive suppression should be rare. These results highlight the importance of social status, body condition and predator abundance on determining reproductive success in highly seasonal breeders. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Voice parameters predict sex-specific body morphology in men and women

Pisanski, KatarzynaJones, Benedict C.Fink, BernhardO'Connor, Jillian J. M....

13-22页

查看更多>>摘要：Studies of several mammalian species confirm that formant frequencies (vocal tract resonances) predict height and weight better than does fundamental frequency (F0, perceived as pitch) in same-sex adults due to differential anatomical constraints. However, our recent meta-analysis (Pisanski et al., 2014, Animal Behaviour, 95, 89-99) indicated that formants and F0 could explain no more than 10% and 2% of the variance in human height, respectively, controlling for sex and age. Here, we examined whether other voice parameters, many of which are affected by sex hormones, can indicate additional variance in human body size or shape, and whether these relationships differ between the sexes. Using a cross-cultural sample of 700 men and women, we examined relationships among 19 voice parameters (minimum-maximum F0, mean F0, F0 variability, formant-based vocal tract length estimates, shimmer, jitter, harmonics-to-noise ratio) and eight indices of body size or shape (height, weight, body mass index, hip, waist and chest circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio, chest-to-hip ratio). Our results confirm that formant measures explain the most variance in heights and weights of men and women, whereas shimmer, jitter and harmonics-to-noise ratio do not indicate height, weight or body mass index in either sex. In contrast, these perturbation and noise parameters, in addition to F0 range and variability, explained more variance in body shape than did formants or mean F0, particularly among men. Shimmer or jitter explained the most variance in men's hip circumferences (12%) and chest-to-hip ratios (6%), whereas harmonics-to-noise ratio and formants explained the most variance in women's waist-to-hip ratios (11%), and significantly more than in men's waist-to-hip ratios. Our study represents the most comprehensive analysis of vocal indicators of human body size to date and offers a foundation for future research examining the hormonal mechanisms of voice production in humans and perceptual playback experiments. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Peahens can differentiate between the antipredator calls of individual conspecifics

Nichols, Mark R.Yorzinski, Jessica L.

23-27页

查看更多>>摘要：Animals of many different species discriminate among individuals based on acoustic properties of vocalizations. These vocalizations are produced in different contexts, including territorial defence and parenteoffspring interactions. They are also produced in response to predators, but we know less about whether animals, especially birds, are able to discriminate among individuals based on antipredator calls. We therefore examined whether an avian species (peafowl, Pavo cristatus) is able to differentiate between the antipredator calls of different individuals. Using a habituation-discrimination playback paradigm, we habituated peahens to the antipredator calls of a given individual and then examined their responses to additional calls from that individual and to calls from a novel individual. We found that peahens responded more strongly to calls from the novel individual than from the original individual, demonstrating that they are able to differentiate between individuals based on the acoustic properties of antipredator calls. The ability to differentiate between individual callers may be useful to peahens in modifying their antipredator behaviour based on signaller reliability. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Discrimination of large quantities: Weber's law and short-term memory in angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare

Gomez-Laplaza, Luis M.Gerlai, Robert

29-37页

查看更多>>摘要：The ability to discriminate between different quantities has important ecological relevance for animals when engaging in behaviours such as forming groups, foraging or trying to avoid predators. Quantity discrimination has been shown in a diversity of human and nonhuman animal species. In angelfish this discrimination ability has been investigated using dichotomous choice tests when the numerically different stimulus groups (shoals) of conspecifics were fully visible to the test fish. Here, using a new procedure we investigated whether test fish were able to discriminate between the contrasting shoals using their memory. After a period of full visual access to the contrasted shoals on the two sides of their test tank, the test fish was required to make a choice while being able to see only a single member of the stimulus shoals on each side. With this cognitively more demanding procedure we tested discrimination between numerically large shoals (>= four fish per stimulus shoal). As in our previous studies, we found that angelfish consistently chose the larger of the two shoals when the shoals differed by a 2: 1 or higher ratio, but not those that differed by a 3: 2 or 4: 3 ratio. The results followed Weber's law in that performance became poorer as the ratio between the two stimulus shoals approached one. In addition, when we kept the absolute difference between the contrasted shoals constant, discrimination was less accurate as the shoal sizes increased. This pattern of results lends support for the analogue magnitude representational system in the angelfish, a nonverbal approximation system believed to be employed by a diversity of human and nonhuman animal species. Furthermore, our results also demonstrate that angelfish remember the different shoals presented to them, i.e. they make their choice based upon mental representation of the different quantities. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Automated analysis of song structure in complex birdsongs

Ruse, Mareile GrosseHasselquist, DennisHansson, BengtTarka, Maja...

39-51页

查看更多>>摘要：Understanding communication and signalling has long been strived for in studies of animal behaviour. Many songbirds have a variable and complex song, closely connected to territory defence and reproductive success. However, the quantification of such variable song is challenging. In this paper, we present a novel, automated method for detection and classification of syllables in birdsong. The method provides a tool for pairwise comparison of syllables with the aim of grouping them in terms of their similarity. This allows analyses such as (1) determining repertoire size within an individual, (2) comparing song similarity between individuals within as well as between populations of a species and (3) comparing songs of different species (e.g. for species recognition). Our method is based on a particular feature representation of song units (syllables) which ensures invariance to shifts in time, frequency and amplitude. Using a single song from a great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, recorded in the wild, the proposed algorithm is evaluated by means of comparison to manual auditory and visual (spectrogram) song investigation by a human expert and to standard song analysis methods. Our birdsong analysis approach conforms well to manual classification and, moreover, outperforms the hitherto widely used methods based on mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and spectrogram cross-correlation. Thus, our algorithm is a methodological step forward for analyses of song (syllable) repertoires of birds singing with high complexity. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Blue jays, Cyanocitta cristata, devalue social information in uncertain environments

Heinen, V. K.Stephens, D. W.

53-62页

查看更多>>摘要：Animals are selective about when to learn by observing others. Models predict that social information becomes less reliable in uncertain environments, and therefore animals should reduce their use of social information in these environments; however, these parameters are often difficult to manipulate and control. We investigated how information reliability and environmental uncertainty affect the use of both social and nonsocial signals. Captive blue jays, Cyanocitta cristata, were given a choice between two perches, one of which was rewarded. Jays could see either a social signal (a conspecific) or a nonsocial signal (a light) that provided some information about the rewarded perch. The nonsocial signal was yoked to the bird that generated the social signal, ensuring the two signals were of identical reliability. We manipulated signal reliability (i.e. the probability that the signal correctly indicated the rewarded perch) and environmental certainty (i.e. the probability that a given perch was rewarded). Qualitatively, jays used both social and nonsocial signals more often when the signals were reliable, and used them less often when environments were predictable. However, jays used social signals less than equally reliable nonsocial signals when environments were unpredictable. Our results suggest that signal reliability and environmental predictability interact to determine signal use, but they do not affect social and nonsocial signals in the same way. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Variation in behavioural plasticity regulates consistent individual differences in Enallagma damselfly larvae

Brown, Allison L.Robinson, Beren W.

63-73页

查看更多>>摘要：Plastic behavioural responses by individuals to different conditions and consistent individual differences in mean behaviour across situations both contribute to variation in a population. The relationship between behavioural plasticity and consistent individual differences is not clearly understood but may help predict personality variation in animals. High variation in mean behaviour and low variation in individual plastic responses will tend to maintain the rank order of individuals across situations and so permit consistent individual differences. Conversely, low variation in mean behaviour and high variation in plastic responses, by changing the rank orders of individuals, will erode consistent individual differences. Thus, selection that reduces variation in individual plastic responses should increase the opportunity for consistent individual differences in a population. We tested for relationships between heterogeneous predation regimes, the mean and variance of behavioural plasticity and consistent individual differences among three species groups of larval damselflies. Larvae of Enallagma signatum probably face consistent predation from fish over successive generations, whereas Enallagma ebrium/hageni and Enallagma annexum/boreale face a changing predation regime over generations either from fish or larval dragonflies. The behavioural reaction norms of larvae in repeated exposure trials to cues from a predatory fish, dragonfly larvae or no predator differed between species groups. Enallagma ebrium/hageni expressed the most consistent plastic response to predator cues, less variability in plasticity and greater consistent individual differences across cues compared to more variable plastic responses and low consistent individual differences in E. signatum. Selection on behavioural plasticity may enhance consistent individual differences in E. ebrium/hageni whereas relaxing selection on plasticity may reduce consistent individual differences in E. signatum. More generally, selection on plastic behaviour may enhance behavioural types while selection on mean behaviour may reduce behavioural types in animal populations. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Migratory restlessness increases and refuelling rate decreases over the spring migration season in northern wheatears

Eikenaar, CasFritzsch, AnnaKaempfer, SteffenSchmaljohann, Heiko...

75-81页

查看更多>>摘要：For migrating birds, late arrival at the breeding grounds reduces reproductive success. Hence, while en route, late migrants are expected to accelerate migration. Most time can be saved by shortening stopovers, periods of rest and fuel replenishment (refuelling) in between flight bouts. In several field studies late migrants have indeed been observed to shorten stopovers. The length of stopovers is assumed to depend, at least partly, on refuelling rate (fuel deposition rate, FDR). Therefore, shorter stopovers later in the spring migration season may be explained by a seasonal increase in FDR. We tested this idea by measuring both migratory restlessness (an accurate proxy for departure likelihood from stopover) and FDR in the same set of temporarily caged wheatears, Oenanthe oenanthe, a long-distance songbird migrant, throughout spring migration. We found that the amount of migratory restlessness increased with the progress of the season, indicating higher departure likelihood in late migrants. Clearly, however, late migrants in our sample did not accelerate migration by increasing their FDR; daily FDR was relatively constant during the season in lean birds, and even decreased over the season in fat birds. There was little seasonal variation in daily food intake in both lean and fat birds. Because we eliminated and/or corrected for environmental factors influencing departure likelihood, these results strongly indicate that an endogenous time programme is involved in the regulation of departure from stopover in spring. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Kinship modulates the attention of naive individuals to the mobbing behaviour of role models

Griesser, MichaelSuzuki, Toshitaka N.

83-91页

查看更多>>摘要：The social acquisition of life skills is essential in a wide range of species. Field experiments have demonstrated that naive young learn particularly from their parents how to deal with predators or how to find suitable food. However, it remains unclear whether the response of young differs in a novel situation when together with related (i.e. parents) or unrelated role models. We addressed this question in a group-living bird species, the Siberian jay, Perisoreus infaustus, groups of which can contain both related and unrelated juveniles. Groups are formed around a breeding pair which engages in prolonged parental care, facilitating delayed dispersal of offspring for up to 5 years. About 25% of juveniles are killed by predators during their first year of life, suggesting that predator avoidance is a crucial life skill for juveniles. Exposing groups to perched predator models showed that kinship influenced how juveniles responded to the mobbing behaviour of breeders. Upon exposure to a predator model, related juveniles immediately paid attention to the behaviour of breeders and copied most of their movements. In contrast, unrelated juveniles copied the behaviour of breeders less frequently, but regularly foraged in the presence of a predator model. These results show that juveniles respond differently to parents and unrelated role models, potentially affecting the acquisition of vital life skills. Parental care creates a close social bond, predisposing juveniles to pay attention especially to novel behaviours shown by their caregivers. Furthermore, parents have a fitness benefit from facilitating the skill acquisition of their offspring. Thus, a prolonged parent-offspring association is likely to enhance skill acquisition and influence cognitive evolution across species. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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