Fallon, Brittany L.Neumann, ChristofByrne, Richard W.Zuberbuehler, Klaus...
87-92页
查看更多>>摘要：Female chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, are usually depicted as sexually submissive and bound by male coercion, because males are able to monopolize oestrous females, limiting a female's options for mate choice. We present behavioural data from a group of wild chimpanzees during a rare period in which up to 10 females cycled simultaneously, which prevented males from monopolizing oestrous females, thus changing the dynamic of male-female sexual interactions. Overall, we found that nulliparous and parous females employed different copulation calling strategies, reflecting their relative reproductive attractiveness and social standing within the community. Male partner rank, copulation duration and dominant male audience further influenced calling behaviour, and there was a nonsignificant trend for females to increase calling as the number of cycling females increased. We conclude that female chimpanzees are capable of adjusting their copulation calling flexibly, by taking into account their own sexual attractiveness, to incite male competition. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：Honesty of offspring begging behaviours is the keystone to understanding the evolution of parent-offspring communication. Three main begging costs have been traditionally advocated that ensure the reliability of offspring signalling: energy expenditure, loss of inclusive fitness and attraction of predators. Here, we propose that ectoparasites may eavesdrop on begging signals, especially acoustic signals, for host detection, a never considered but potentially generalized cost of begging that will constrain the evolution of exaggerated begging displays. Ectoparasitic insects possess a diversity of auditory systems for intraspecific communication that may be used to detect begging calls of host offspring. The use of auditory cues for host detection offers some advantages to ectoparasites, particularly in environments in which long-distance detection of hosts is necessary. There are well-known examples of interspecific eavesdropping on host auditory signals by parasites that include parasitoid flies attracted to calling crickets and cicadas, and frog-biting midges and mosquitoes attracted to frog calls. Eavesdropping on begging signals may have evolved in those parasites searching for hosts that display begging behaviours, which include not only birds but also mammals and some reptiles and insects with parental care of juveniles. Considering begging costs due to detection by ectoparasites may help us understand the reliability, and therefore the evolution, of signals of need and parenteoffspring communication. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tarroux, ArnaudWeimerskirch, HenriWang, Sheng-HungBromwich, David H....
99-112页
查看更多>>摘要：Flight is intrinsically an energetically costly way of moving and birds have developed morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations to minimize these costs. Central-place foraging seabirds commute regularly between nesting and foraging areas, providing us with opportunities to investigate their behavioural response to environmental conditions that may affect flight, such as wind. Here we tested hypotheses on how wind conditions influence flight behaviour in situations devoid of the confounding effect that, for instance, active foraging behaviour can have on movement patterns. We studied the Antarctic petrel, Thalassoica antarctica, a seabird breeding far inland in Antarctica and commuting through vast ice-covered areas characterized by steady and strong winds as well as a strict absence of foraging opportunities. We combined the three-dimensional location data from 79 GPS tracks with atmospheric wind data over three consecutive breeding seasons (2011-2013) in order to assess individual flight responses to wind conditions. Antarctic petrels encountered generally unfavourable winds, particularly during return flights. Despite their capacity to adjust their speed and heading in order to maintain constant track direction (compensation) in the strongest winds, they generally drifted as wind strengthened. Strong winds induced low-altitude flight. Birds tended to otherwise fly relatively high, but at altitudes with more favourable winds than what they would have encountered if flying higher. Our results show that commuting Antarctic petrels: (1) can tolerate a certain amount of drift according to wind conditions and (2) might be more limited by their ability to assess drift, rather than compensate for it, at least during returning flights. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Glonekova, MarketaBrandlova, KarolinaPluhacek, Jan
113-123页
查看更多>>摘要：Allonursing, the nursing of nonfilial offspring, has been reported in a number of mammalian species; however, very few studies have investigated more than three hypotheses. The aim of our study was to investigate seven hypotheses explaining allonursing in captive giraffes. During 2007-2011, we observed 24 females and 37 calves in four zoological gardens in the Czech Republic, recording 2514 suckling events. We found that 83% of the females allonursed a nonfilial calf and 86.5% of calves allosuckled from a nonmaternal female; thus giraffes represent one of the highest occurrences of allonursing among nondomesticated mammals. The nonfilial calves more often allosuckled together with the filial ones than alone and tried to adopt positions where they may be harder to recognize, providing evidence for the milk theft hypothesis. In addition, the probability that a calf successfully allosuckled at least once from any female was higher when its mother allonursed successfully at least once than when she rejected calves. However, we found no evidence for the same rate of allonursing between reciprocal dyads of females and calves. Thus, we suggest that allonursing in giraffes is caused by offspring trying to steal milk and that females may tolerate this behaviour if reciprocal, in line with recent findings about giraffe sociality. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
de Rijk, MarjoleinKrijn, MargrietJenniskens, WillekeEngel, Bas...
125-135页
查看更多>>摘要：Parasitoids face several hurdles and distractions while foraging for their hosts, one of which is the presence of nonhost herbivores. Nonhost herbivores may interfere with plant volatile-mediated location of host-infested plants and reduce encounter rates with hosts on the plant. This results in a lower foraging efficiency. In this study, we tested whether the feeding position of a host and nonhost herbivore on the same plant influences foraging decisions and parasitism efficiency of parasitoids. We confined host and nonhost herbivores to either higher positions, i.e. younger leaves (preferred by the host) or lower positions on the plant, i.e. older leaves (preferred by the nonhost). Host and nonhost herbivores fed either on separate leaves or on the same leaf. Results from laboratory experiments show that during the first phase of foraging when plant volatiles are used to locate a host-infested plant, parasitoids were misled when host and nonhost were positioned in an unnatural way on the individual plant (host on the older leaves). The positions of host and nonhost partly influenced parasitoids during the second phase of foraging, when the host is located on the plant by using host cues. Total host-finding efficiency, as tested in a semifield set-up, was not affected by herbivore position. We conclude that parasitoid foraging behaviour has enough flexibility to overcome constraints resulting from an unexpected distribution of herbivores over a plant. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Painting, Christina J.Rajamohan, GanisonChen, ZhanqiZeng, Hua...
137-146页
查看更多>>摘要：Colourful male ornaments such as the bright plumage of birds or flashy wing patterns of butterflies serve to highlight the fitness of the bearer and are subject to sexual selection via female mate choice and/or direct male-male competition. Males of many species have markings that reflect ultraviolet (UV: wavelengths 280-400 nm). Recently, studies have focused on the role of either UVA (315-400 nm) or UVB reflectance (280-315 nm) in intraspecific communication, but the specific importance of UVA and UVB colours in sexual signalling remains unexplored. Here, we address this using Cosmophasis umbratica, a sexually dimorphic jumping spider species (Salticidae) in which males possess both UVA and UVB reflective patches. By conducting a series of female mate choice and male-male interaction trials with manipulated UVA and UVB coloration of males, we provide the first evidence that both UV components are prerequisites for intraspecific communication. Furthermore, UVA but not UVB is specifically used by both sexes for sex recognition, as shown by distinct, unexpected changes in behaviour by spiders encountering conspecifics with UVA removed. Our study revealed the adaptive significance of the presence of dual UV peaks in male ornamentation. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：When confronted with an unfamiliar object, dogs, Canis familiaris, engage in social referencing, i.e. synchronizing their reaction with that of their owner. The question of whether, like infants, they do so when confronted with an unfamiliar person, has not yet been studied. We tested the reactions of 72 pet dogs (36 shepherds and 36 molossoids) that were confronted with an unfamiliar person who approached them in a neutral manner. The dogs' owners were instructed to behave in one of three ways towards the stranger: stay still, approach or retreat. The dogs performed referential looks and gaze alternations between the experimenter and their owner. In the retreat condition, the dogs looked at the stranger significantly sooner and took significantly more time before first contact with the stranger compared to the approach condition. Moreover, in the retreat condition the dogs interacted more with their owners compared to other conditions. Additionally, sex had an effect on dogs' behaviours, with males looking towards their owner for information less than females. Breed also influenced dogs' reactions, with molossoid dogs behaving more independently than shepherd dogs. This study shows that pet dogs use social referencing with their owner in an approach paradigm involving a stranger. These findings provide evidence of similar processes in dogs with their owners and human infants with caregivers, and suggest a new way to manage dogs' reactions in public places. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：The relation between mating system and sex-biased dispersal has been debated for three decades. However, the relative importance of the processes involved in this relation remains poorly known. In this study, we paid special attention to kin competition. We built an adaptive individual-based model fixing three mating systems (monandry, polyandry, monogamy) in a metapopulation, and allowing dispersal across patches to evolve independently for males and females. Our simulations showed that a difference in the number of mates can determine the evolution of sex-biased dispersal. Dispersal appears male biased under monandry and polyandry, but balanced under monogamy. By contrast, we showed that inbreeding can influence but does not promote sex-biased dispersal, and that the primary sex ratio does not qualitatively affect the evolution of sex-biased dispersal under monandry and polyandry. These results are driven by the interaction of two factors: the variation in reproductive success between patches in the metapopulation and kin competition. These two factors are influenced by the mating system, which modifies both the competition for access to partners and the mean relatedness between individuals. To ascertain that kin competition actually drives sex-biased dispersal, we made simulations with destruction of any genetic structure in the metapopulation, and we found that in this case dispersal was not sex biased. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Murthy, ArchanaSharma, ManviAmith-Kumar, U. R.Isvaran, Kavita...
167-175页
查看更多>>摘要：Predation risk can strongly constrain how individuals use time and space. Grouping is known to reduce an individual's time investment in costly antipredator behaviours. Whether grouping might similarly provide a spatial release from antipredator behaviour and allow individuals to use risky habitat more and, thus, improve their access to resources is poorly known. We used mosquito larvae, Aedes aegypti, to test the hypothesis that grouping facilitates the use of high-risk habitat. We provided two habitats, one darker, low-risk and one lighter, high-risk, and measured the relative time spent in the latter by solitary larvae versus larvae in small groups. We tested larvae reared under different resource levels, and thus presumed to vary in body condition, because condition is known to influence risk taking. We also varied the degree of contrast in habitat structure. We predicted that individuals in groups should use high-risk habitat more than solitary individuals allowing for influences of body condition and contrast in habitat structure. Grouping strongly influenced the time spent in the high-risk habitat, but, contrary to our expectation, individuals in groups spent less time in the high-risk habitat than solitary individuals. Furthermore, solitary individuals considerably increased the proportion of time spent in the high-risk habitat over time, whereas individuals in groups did not. Both solitary individuals and those in groups showed a small increase over time in their use of riskier locations within each habitat. The differences between solitary individuals and those in groups held across all resource and contrast conditions. Grouping may, thus, carry a poorly understood cost of constraining habitat use. This cost may arise because movement traits important for maintaining group cohesion (a result of strong selection on grouping) can act to exaggerate an individual preference for low-risk habitat. Further research is needed to examine the interplay between grouping, individual movement and habitat use traits in environments heterogeneous in risk and resources. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vardanis, YannisNilsson, Jan-AkeKlaassen, Raymond H. G.Strandberg, Roine...
177-187页
查看更多>>摘要：As the evolutionary responses to environmental change depend on selection acting on individual differences, disentangling within- and between-individual variation becomes imperative. In animal migration research, multiyear tracks are thus needed to estimate the individual consistency of phenotypic traits. Avian telemetry studies have recently provided the first evidence of individuality across space and time in animal migration. Here, we compare repeatability patterns of routes and timing between two migratory birds, the marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus, and the osprey, Pandion haliaetus, as recorded by satellite tracking. We found interspecific contrasts with low repeatability in timing and duration and a high repeatability in routes for ospreys, but the reverse pattern for marsh harriers. This was mainly caused by (1) larger between-individual variation in routes for ospreys (broad-front migration) than for marsh harriers (corridor migration) and a higher degree of repeated use of the same stopover sites among ospreys, and (2) higher within-individual consistency of timing and duration among marsh harriers, while individual ospreys were more flexible. Our findings suggest that individuality in space and time is not a shared trait complex among migrants, but may show adaptive variation depending on the species' life history and ecology. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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