Morris, Sara R.Horton, Kyle G.Tegeler, Amy K.Lanzone, Michael...
241-247页
查看更多>>摘要：Warblers regularly give flight calls during migration, but few studies have addressed flight-calling behaviour by individual birds. In this study, we investigated individual responses to flight calls. We hypothesized that birds would be more likely to give flight calls in response to conspecific flight calls than to heterospecific calls or to other sounds. We studied the flight-calling response of three species of warblers (magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia, blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata, and yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata) to conspecific calls, calls of one of the other two species or calls of the spring peeper, Pseudacris crucifer, as a control. Additionally, we characterized the proportion of birds calling and the rates of calling (calls/min) for five additional warbler species. We placed each bird individually into an acoustic cone in a soundproof recording studio and recorded its vocalizations before, during and after playing sound cues in the studio. In our experiment, the three species of warblers were more likely to give flight calls in response to flight calls than to the control, and they were more likely to give flight calls to conspecific calls than heterospecific calls. The eight species of warblers that heard conspecific flight calls varied in both the likelihood of giving a response and the rate of calling, and rates of calling also varied between individuals within each species. Most birds that responded gave flight calls soon after hearing flight calls. Our results are some of the first on individual flight-calling responses and flight-calling rates. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dechaume-Moncharmont, Francois-XavierBrom, ThomasCezilly, Frank
249-260页
查看更多>>摘要：Studies on mate choice mainly focus on the evolution of signals that would maximize the probability of finding a good-quality partner. Most models of sexual selection rely on the implicit assumption that individuals can freely compare and spot the best mates in a heterogeneous population. Comparatively few studies have investigated the consequences of the mate-sampling process. Several sampling strategies have been studied from theoretical or experimental perspectives. They belong to two families of decision rules: best-of-n strategies (individuals sample n partners before choosing the best one within this pool) or threshold strategies (individuals sequentially sample the available partners and choose the first one whose quality exceeds a threshold criterion). Almost all models studying these strategies neglect the effect of scramble competition. If each paired individual is removed from the population of available partners, the distribution of partner quality dynamically changes as a function of the strategies of the other competitors. By means of simple simulations assuming opportunity costs, to the exclusion of all other costs, we show that scramble competition is a sufficient constraint to severely impair the evolution of choosy decision rules. In most cases, the evolutionarily stable strategy is to have a very low acceptance threshold or to sample two individuals at most in the population. This result may explain some discrepancies between predictions from previous models and their experimental validations. It also emphasizes the importance of considering the pairing process in studies of sexual selection. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Richter, S. HeleneKaestner, NiklasKriwet, MarieKaiser, Sylvia...
261-271页
查看更多>>摘要：Besides being recognized as a potential welfare indicator, play behaviour has long been considered to have immediate and/or long-term benefits. In particular, it has been suggested that in play animals learn to cope physically and emotionally with unexpected events. Given that the propensity to play varies greatly between conspecific individuals, such interindividual variability in playfulness may be associated with differences in the animals' future behaviour, a prediction that has rarely been tested. To investigate whether different levels of playfulness in juvenility indeed coincide with behavioural differences in later life, 30 female C57BL/6J mice were subjected to the following series of behavioural observations and tests: (1) quantification of juvenile play behaviour; (2) behavioural testing in paradigms that assess anxiety-like behaviour and exploratory locomotion in an unfamiliar environment; and (3) observation of spontaneous behaviour in the familiar home cage environment. Surprisingly, a high level of juvenile playfulness was predictive of high levels of state anxiety and low levels of exploratory locomotion in later life. While this relationship existed already in adolescence, it became even more prominent in adulthood. By contrast, no substantial differences between playful and less playful mice were found with respect to home cage behaviour. While these findings may reflect better coping abilities in novel and dangerous environments in those mice that played the most during juvenility, they may also argue for the existence of different types of mice. Thus, despite genetic homogeneity and identical housing environments, preferences for either local or global use of space were observed that indicate the emergence of individuality. Concerning animal welfare, our findings suggest that play may constitute a plausible welfare indicator at the population level, but is probably less meaningful for the individual. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Elsevier