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Animal behaviour
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Animal behaviour

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Animal behaviour/Journal Animal behaviourSCIISSHPISTPAHCI
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    Conservation behaviour: continued application, development and expansion

    Fernandez-Juricic, EstebanSchulte, Bruce A.
    195-196页
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Animal behaviour and its role in carnivore conservation: examples of seven deadly threats

    Macdonald, David W.
    197-209页
    查看更多>>摘要：Habitat loss, climate change, hunting perturbation, disease, invasive species, guild structure disruption and conflict are seven widespread threats to wildlife conservation, with the Carnivora standing at the apex of risk. Fundamental to all of these is the ability of organisms and ecosystems to adapt, else succumb, and it is the extent to which their behaviour is flexible and adaptable that may stand between viability and extinction. Knowledge gained through undertaking original research on aspects of fundamental biology and behaviour assists practitioners and policy makers in the management of conservation problems. Selecting examples of these seven threats from our projects at the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), I identify the conservation issue concerned, and then explore the behavioural component and its relevance to mitigating that conservation issue. Social systems, demography, life histories, habitat selection, foraging and patch choice, the Allee effect, conspecific attraction, movement, ranging and dispersal are pervasive behavioural elements common across various conservation issues that determine why some populations decline and what can be done to remedy the situation. However, the overarching principle remains the same: effective action requires an understanding of the behaviour of the species concerned. Conservation is most exciting and most difficult at two ends of a continuum: the earthiness of animal lives, human livelihoods and practical action, and the erudition of big ideas, from individual behaviours to the consequences for populations and, ultimately, geopolitical decisions about how humans are to live alongside nature with the wellbeing of both as goals. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Using insights from animal behaviour and behavioural ecology to inform marine conservation initiatives

    Brooker, Rohan M.Feeney, William E.White, James R.Manassa, Rachel P....
    211-221页
    查看更多>>摘要：The impacts of human activities on the natural world are becoming increasingly apparent, with rapid development and exploitation occurring at the expense of habitat quality and biodiversity. Declines are especially concerning in the oceans, which hold intrinsic value due to their biological uniqueness as well as their substantial sociological and economic importance. Here, we review the literature and investigate whether incorporation of knowledge from the fields of animal behaviour and behavioural ecology may improve the effectiveness of conservation initiatives in marine systems. In particular, we consider (1) how knowledge of larval behaviour and ecology may be used to inform the design of marine protected areas, (2) how protecting species that hold specific ecological niches may be of particular importance for maximizing the preservation of biodiversity, (3) how current harvesting techniques may be inadvertently skewing the behavioural phenotypes of stock populations and whether changes to current practices may lessen this skew and reinforce population persistence, and (4) how understanding the behavioural and physiological responses of species to a changing environment may provide essential insights into areas of particular vulnerability for prioritized conservation attention. The complex nature of conservation programmes inherently results in interdisciplinary responses, and the incorporation of knowledge from the fields of animal behaviour and behavioural ecology may increase our ability to stem the loss of biodiversity in marine environments. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A simple statistical guide for the analysis of behaviour when data are constrained due to practical or ethical reasons

    Zsolt Garamszegi, Laszlo
    223-234页
    查看更多>>摘要：Here, I provide a practical overview on some statistical approaches that are able to handle the constraints that frequently emerge in the study of animal behaviour. When collecting or analysing behavioural data, several sources of limitations, which can raise either uncertainties or biases in the parameter estimates, need to be considered. In particular, these can be issues about (1) limited sample size and missing data, (2) uncertainties about the identity of subjects and the dangers posed by pseudoreplication, (3) large measurement errors resulting from the use of indicator variables with nonperfect reliability or variables with low repeatability, (4) the confounding effect of the within-individual variation of behaviour and (5) phylogenetic nonindependence of data (e.g. when substitute species are used). I suggest some simple analytical solutions to these problems based on existing methodologies and on a consumable language to practitioners. I highlight how randomization and simulation routines, generalized linear mixed models, autocorrelation models, phylogenetic comparative methods and Bayesian statistics can be exploited to overcome the inefficient performance of some conventional statistical approaches with typical behavioural data. To enhance the accessibility of these methodologies, I demonstrate how they can be brought into practice in the R statistical environment, which offers flexible statistical designs. Although the primary motivation behind this discussion was to help animal behaviourists who address questions in relation to conservation, I also hope that researchers working on the evolutionary ecology of behaviour will also find some material useful. (C) 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Studying cetacean behaviour: new technological approaches and conservation applications

    Nowacek, Douglas P.Christiansen, FredrikBejder, LarsGoldbogen, Jeremy A....
    235-244页
    查看更多>>摘要：Animal behaviour can provide valuable information for wildlife management and conservation. Studying the detailed behaviour of marine mammals involves challenges not faced by most animal behaviour researchers due to the size, mobility and lack of continuous visibility of these animals. We describe several methods developed by marine mammal scientists to study behaviour, primarily of cetaceans, focusing on technological advances: unmanned aerial systems (UAS), satellite-linked telemetry, passive acoustics and multisensor high-resolution acoustic recording tags. We then go on to explain how the data collected by these methods have contributed to and informed conservation actions. We focus on examples including: satellite data informing the interactions between cetaceans and offshore oil and gas development; passive acoustics used to track distributions of several species of cetaceans, including their movements near shipping lanes; and high-resolution acoustic recording tags used to document responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic activities. Finally, we discuss recent efforts to link animal behaviour to individual fitness and, particularly for behavioural disturbances, to population-level consequences, which can be helpful for informing conservation efforts. The infusion of technological advancements into studies of cetacean behaviour combined with emerging analytical techniques brings us to the next 20+ years of studying these animals. These developments will improve our capabilities in areas such as testing whether their behaviour adheres to traditional behavioural theory, and will certainly assist the guiding of conservation efforts. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    No single solution: application of behavioural principles in mitigating human-wildlife conflict

    Blackwell, Bradley F.DeVault, Travis L.Fernandez-Juricic, EstebanGese, Eric M....
    245-254页
    查看更多>>摘要：There is no proverbial silver bullet for mitigating human-wildlife conflict, but the study of animal behaviour is foundational to solving issues of coexistence between people and wild animals. Our purpose is to examine the theoretical and applied role that behavioural principles play in understanding and mitigating human-wildlife conflict, and delineate gaps in behavioural theory relative to mitigating these conflicts. Specifically, we consider two different, yet contemporary, examples of human-wildlife conflict: animal-vehicle collisions and carnivore depredation of livestock. Although ostensibly unrelated, both conflict areas share common themes relative to animal behavioural responses to disturbance and perception of risk. We first place the effects on wildlife due to these conflicts in the scope of population sustainability, and then examine current research relative to the following three questions. How is behavioural ecology relevant to these particular areas of conflict? Are advances toward understanding the mechanisms by which animals process information and make decisions being translated into management methods? How might management efforts be affected over time by individual behaviours, method integration and habituation/sensitization? Regarding animal-vehicle collisions, only in the last decade have researchers applied an antipredator theoretical framework with sensory ecology to understand aspects of marine mammal, terrestrial mammal and bird responses to vehicle approach, speed and associated stimuli. However, the size and speeds of modern vehicles demand that we improve economic models and possibly develop novel theoretical frameworks to better predict animal responses to vehicle approach. Within the context of carnivore-livestock depredation, our understanding of individual predator behaviour relative to perceived risk and factors contributing to the development of problem individuals will influence the efficacy of the most promising, nonlethal management approaches (e.g. distractive techniques, reproductive inhibition and olfactory barriers). In both cases, successful management is contingent upon a mechanistic understanding of how animals respond to disturbance and the information utilized to assess risk. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Habituation and sensitization: new thoughts about old ideas

    Blumstein, Daniel T.
    255-262页
    查看更多>>摘要：People have written about habituation, a process that leads to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus, as well as its counterpart, sensitization, or an increased responsiveness to a stimulus, for over 2000 years. And, while intensive research in the last century has led to well-supported generalizations about mechanisms of habituation, we have not developed a 'natural history' of habituation and tolerance that would help us predict, based on life history and natural history variation, how species will respond to humans and anthropogenic stimuli. The need for predictive models has never been greater. In this essay I will review generalizations about these learning processes and point out how a clear understanding of mechanism can be used to inform wildlife management and generate testable management interventions. I will also highlight unanswered questions about habituation and sensitization, and establish the groundwork for developing a natural history of habituation and tolerance. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Behavioural influences on disease risk: implications for conservation and management

    Hoverman, Jason T.Searle, Catherine L.
    263-271页
    查看更多>>摘要：While parasites are fundamental components of ecological systems, emerging infectious diseases are a growing concern for conservation and management. Understanding the drivers and consequences of disease emergence in natural systems is complex because of the diverse array of factors associated with disease dynamics. Host behaviour plays an important role in disease dynamics across multiple scales (individuals to landscapes). Here, we synthesize our current understanding of the interplay between behaviour and disease in the context of conservation. We review the general importance of behaviour for determining the probability of exposure to parasites and the likelihood of infection once exposed. We also discuss the influence of infection on behaviours that affect disease transmission in populations and the potential trait-mediated indirect interactions that can influence disease risk within communities. Furthermore, we present several case studies demonstrating how the incorporation of behaviour into conservation and management strategies is critical for understanding emerging infectious diseases. Given the fundamental relationships between behaviour and infectious disease, there is a need for the development of practical methods for integrating this knowledge into conservation. Establishing a dialogue and forming collaborations between scientists and wildlife managers across multiple scales is an essential step. Ultimately, conservation practices that integrate knowledge of behaviour and infectious diseases will have a greater chance of success. (C) 2016 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier