查看更多>>摘要：Single segment substitution lines (SSSLs) each with a single chromosome segment from a donor under the same genetic background as the recipient were developed in rice by advanced backcrossing and molecular marker-assisted selection. Using the SSSLs, the QTLs for the important agronomic traits in rice would be detected under different environmental conditions. Detection of the QTLs controlling 22 important traits in rice was done with 32 SSSLs by the randomized block design in 2-4 cropping seasons. 59 QTLs were detected and distributed on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 11, of which 18 QTLs were detected more than twice. Only 30.5% of the QTLs were detected repeatedly in different cropping seasons. Most of the QTLs of important agronomic traits were of little additive effects and instability. The QTLs controlling the traits, such as grain weight, grain length, ratio of grain length to width, and heading date were relatively stable. The stable QTLs usually had larger additive effects and were less affected by environment. The QTLs for the important agronomic traits were detected using the SSSLs in rice with high resolution under different environmental conditions. The instability of the QTLs may be the basis of the variation of rice plants during growth and development. It would be the genetic basis for improving yield and quality in rice cultivars by farming methods.
查看更多>>摘要：The effect of cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene in millet plants was studied. The heterozygous populations and isogenic lines with homocaryotic alloplasmic genes were obtained by crossing and reciprocal crossing of cytoplasmic herbicide resistant plants with susceptive plants of foxtail millet. The characters of F_1, F_2, backcross and composite cross groups, and the growth and development of isogenic lines were compared. The cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene slowed the development of seedling, delayed heading, and shortened the milking stage in the foxtail millet plant. Yield capacity and main agronomic characters were all affected by the cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene in most of the backcross, composite cross, and F_2 populations. However, there was stronger hybrid vigor in F_1. The backcrosses, composite crosses, and F_2 populations were widely separated and some of them had good characters similar to those of susceptive groups. The plant characters and development of foxtail millet were negatively affected by the cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene. The authors proposed a method of using hybrid vigor to obtain high yield and avoid the negative effects of herbicide resistance cytoplasm in plant growth. The expected results could be obtained by selecting individuals in separate populations of fast developed seedlings, well-developed roots, and with capacities of early heading and fast milking. Guided by the principal mentioned above, many high yield lines and hybrid crosses of foxtail millet with herbicide resistant cytoplasm were obtained.
查看更多>>摘要：The transmission rate of n + 1 gamete is an important parameter for the genetic analysis of trisomics. To correctly use the trisomics of the cabbage to carry out gene orientation and other genetic studies, the n + 1 gamete transmission rates by female parent and by male parent were determined. The results showed that the n + 1 gamete transmission rates were 15.28% for tri-1,12.68% for tri-2,12.31% for tri-3,30.51% for tri-4,22.81% for tri-5,7.46% for tri-6,5.36% for tri-7,42.37% for tri-8, and 9.23% for tri-9 by female parent, and were 12.12% for tri-1,12.33% for tri-2, 7.81% for tri-3,4.76% for tri-4, 8.93% for tri-5,10.94% for tri-6,1.54% for tri-7, 2.94% for tri-8, and 13.04% for tri-9 by male parent. The main factors affecting the male n+ 1 gamete formation and transmission were the rate of trivalent formation at prophase Ⅰ , the rate of 9-9-10-10 division at anaphase Ⅱ, and the pollen viability.
查看更多>>摘要：To better understand the effect and mechanism of cold tolerant seed-coating agents on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings, the physiological and biochemical effects of four cold tolerant seed-coating agents (HET, YKJ, YKZYJ, and the ABA seed coating agents) on two early indica rice varieties were studied under chilling stress. The results showed that the rice seedlings treated with cold tolerant seed-coating agents under chilling stress maintained dramatically higher root vigor, POD, CAT and SOD activities, and chlorophyll content, had lower MDA content and electrolyte leakage, and accumulated more soluble sugar and free proline, when compared with the control without the treatment, and finally showed lower plant injury rate. It was indicated that the cold tolerant seed coating agent improved the ability of rice seedlings in resisting to chilling stress. YKZYJ was ranked the first in terms of the efficiency in cold tolerance among the four cold tolerant seed-coating agents tested.
查看更多>>摘要：Two varieties, Yuexinzhan and Guangchao 3, were used to study leaf thickness in rice in this experiment. The thickness of the leaf blade was measured by the nondestructive leaf thickness instrument, which was modified from the thickness instrument for steel objects (John Bull, England). The contacting area between the leaf and the probe of the instrument was 0.5 cm~2. There was no significant difference between the thickness of steel materials measured by the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument and the micrometer. The correlation between the thickness of the rice leaf blade measured by the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument and the specific leaf weight (SLW) was significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The results also showed that the rice leaf thickness was uneven and asymmetric. The thickness and SLW of flag leaf tended to increase from the base to the tip of the leaf blade. The middle part of the second and third top leaf was the thickest, but no significant difference in thickness between the basal part and the fore part was found. Drawing a line on the main vein in the top three leaves, the left part was thinner than the right part. The thickness of the lower leaves (6/0-9/0) on the main culm tended to increase with increasing positions of the leaves in the early and middle stages, but the tendency was not the same for the higher leaves (10/0 upwards), although the higher leaves (10/0 upward) were thicker than the lower leaves (9/0 or downward). Furthermore, different CO_2 concentrations (550 ±30, 460 ± 30 μmol mol~(-1)) in the growth boxes had no effect on the thickness of rice leaf blades. It can be concluded that the measurement of rice leaf thickness using the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument is simple, precise, and nondestructive.
查看更多>>摘要：The filling rate and the starch accumulation in developing maize kernel were analyzed. The changes of enzyme activities associated with sucrose metabolism and starch biosynthesis were investigated. The purpose is to discuss the enzymatic mechanisms responsible for starch synthesis. Two types of maize cultivars (Zea mays), high starch maize (Feiyu 3) and normal maize (Yuyu 22), were grown in a corn field. The factors involved in starch synthesis were performed during the growth period. The kernel filling rate, the sucrose content, the starch accumulating rates and the activities of SS (sucrose synthase), GBSS (granule-bound starch synthase), SBE (starch branching enzyme) of Feiyu 3, which has high starch content, were significantly higher than those of Yuyu 22, which has low starch content, after 10 DAP (days after pollination). Correlation analysis indicated that ADPGPPase (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) and DEE (starch debranching enzyme) were not correlated with the starch accumulating rates and the kernel filling rate, but the SS activity at the middle and late period were highly significantly correlated with the starch accumulating rates and the kernel filling rate. The GBSS activity was highly significantly correlated with the amylose accumulating rate, but not correlated with the kernel filling rate. The SBE activity was highly significantly correlated with the amylopectin accumulating rate and the kernel filling rate. It was not ADPGPPase and DBE, but SS was the rate-limiting factor of starch biosynthesis in developing maize kernels. GBSS had an important effect on amylose accumulation, and SBE had a significant effect on amylopectin accumulation.
查看更多>>摘要：This study was to explore the influence of the Verticillium dahliae Kleb inflection on the anti-enzyme inside the body of the cotton with a different root injured degree. When the cotton seedling was long, with four leaves, it was flushed with water carefully, and then the following were obtained: (1) complete root seedling; (2) cut root seedling - by cutting off the lower part, 3-5 cm of the root, with a disinfected knife; (3) injured root seedling - by cutting off most of the side roots, but keeping the main root. Three kinds of cotton seedlings with different roots were immersed separately in different concentrations of the germ liquid (V. dahliae) of 20 mL each. Through 0-48 h, the wilt degree of the seedling was recorded, and the related anti-enzyme of the variety was measured. After being immersed in the germ liquid, there was a significant difference in the wilt degree of the three kinds of injured root. When the germ liquid was in the ratio of 1:10, the complete root seedling was the lightest with no wilt; the injured root seedling was the second with a 2-degree wilt; but the cut root seedling was the most serious with a 3-degree wilt. At the same time, the changes in the peroxidase and malondialdehvde activities were determined. Peroxidase (POD) activities in the cut root seedling were 38.2 U mg~(-1) min~(-1), in the injured root seedling were 42.96 U mg~(-1) min~(-1), and in the complete root seedling were the highest at 49.2 U mg~(-1) min~(-1). The malondialdenvde (MDA) content in cut root seedling was 39.483 mmol g~(-1), injured root seedling was 27.12 mmol g~(-1), and the complete root seedling was only 3.845 mmol g~(-1). The activity of the related anti-enzymes, such as POD was high or low, the quantity of the MDA was more or less, which they met the order of the harm of the seedlings. The change of SOD activities in cut root seedling was the most obvious as well. After injuring and inflecting the young roots, the exterior pathological reaction of the seedling and the dynamic state biochemical reaction of the related enzymes inside the plant body were studied. It showed that the plant exterior pathology responded to the test, with the internal biochemical reaction fitting together mutually.
查看更多>>摘要：The aim of this study was to elucidate the expression and regulation of the c-kit protein in spermatogenesis of locusts. Immunohistochemistry and biological statistics were used to investigate the expression of the c-kit protein in four representative phases of spermatogenesis of three dominant species of locusts of Arcypteridae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea), namely, Omocestus viridulus (Linnaeus), Euchorthippus unicolor (Ikonn.), and Euchorthippus vittatus Zheng, and so on, in Siping area of Jilin Province, China. The results revealed the following: (1) There was weak positive expression of the c-kit protein in spermatogonia and the positive granules were thinner; (2) there was a strong positive expression of the c-kit protein in primary spermatocyte and the positive granules became the largest than in all developmental stages; (3) the c-kit protein positive expression became stronger in secondary spermatocyte, while the positive granules became thinner; (4) there was strong positive expression of the c-kit protein and the positive granules were thinner in mature sperm, which were distributed on its head and tail; (5) there were strong positive protein granules massing at the end of spermary; (6) the positive intensity of the c-kit protein in spermatogenesis was significantly different among different species of locusts. The data suggested that the c-kit protein may play a crucial role in spermatogenesis as well as maintain the physiological action of sperms and fertilization, regulate the developmental speed of spermatogenesis, and/or maintain species isolation, etc.
查看更多>>摘要：The spatial estimation for soil properties was improved and sampling intensities also decreased in terms of incorporated auxiliary data. In this study, kriging and two interpolation methods were proven well to estimate auxiliary variables: cokriging and regression-kriging, and using the salinity data from the first two stages as auxiliary variables, the methods both improved the interpolation of soil salinity in coastal saline land. The prediction accuracy of the three methods was observed under different sampling density of the target variable by comparison with another group of 80 validation sample points, from which the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (r) between the predicted and measured values were calculated. The results showed, with the help of auxiliary data, whatever the sample size of the target variable may be, cokriging and regression-kriging performed better than ordinary kriging. Moreover, regression-kriging produced on average more accurate predictions than cokriging. Compared with the kriging results, cokriging improved the estimations by reducing RMSE from 23.3 to 29% and increasing r from 16.6 to 25.5%, regression-kriging improved the estimations by reducing RMSE from 25 to 41.5% and increasing r from 16.8 to 27.2%. Therefore, regression-kriging shows promise for improved prediction for soil salinity and reduction of soil sampling intensity considerably while maintaining high prediction accuracy. Moreover, in regression-kriging, the regression model can have any form, such as generalized linear models, non-linear models or tree-based models, which provide a possibility to include more ancillary variables.
查看更多>>摘要：Nitrogen (N) application before transplanting, where N fertilizers are applied in seedling-bed and carried to the paddy field with seedlings, is a novel method proposed in this article aiming for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) in rice. The effect of this method on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil was investigated in a field experiment with a japonica variety, Ningjing 2, in seasons of 2004 and 2005. There were four levels of N applied 16 h before transplanting: zero N (N0), 207 kg ha~(-1) (NL), 310.5 kg ha~(-1) (NM), and 414 kg ha~(-1) (NH). The result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect of increasing mineral N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice. Generally, N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice tended to increase with the amount of N fertilizer before transplanting, with the NH treatment having the largest effect. Additionally, N fertilizer before transplanting had significant influence on rice NUE and grain yield. Compared with other treatments, the NM treatment showed the largest influence, with basal-tillering NUE, total NUE, and grain yield being 15%, 12%, and 529.5 kg ha~(-1) higher than those of N0 treatment. This result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil of rice, thus improving NUE and grain yield.
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