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International journal of energy research
Wiley-Interscience
International journal of energy research

Wiley-Interscience

0363-907X

International journal of energy research/Journal International journal of energy researchSCIISTP
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    Biobutanol: science, engineering, and economics

    Amrita RanjanVijayanand S. Moholkar
    p.277-323页
    查看更多>>摘要：Among several liquid alternative fuels, biobutanol has shown great promise because of its very similar properties to gasoline. This review provides an overview of research activities in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation over the past two and a half decades. We have addressed seven important facets of ABE fermentation, viz. biochemistry, microbial cultures, alternative substrates, solvent recovery, fermentation mode and reactor designs, mathematical modeling, and economics. Development of mutant strains having higher yield, selectivity and tolerance to inhibition, and search for cheap alternative substrates for fermentation are most important thrust areas in biobutanol production. New and efficient processes have been developed for in situ removal and recovery of the ABE solvents. Several rigorous kinetic and physiological models for fermentation have been formulated, which form useful tool for optimization of the process. These research activities have been reviewed in this paper. Finally, we have summarized studies on the economic viability of large-scale ABE fermentation processes employing various process designs, substrates, and microbial cultures. With the use of new strains, inexpensive substrates, and superior reactor designs, economic potential of ABE fermentation has been found to be highly attractive. Research efforts in science, engineering, and economics of ABE fermentation have brought biobutanol close to commercialization as liquid alternate fuel. Copyright.
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    Estimating the value of energy saving in industry by different cost allocation methods

    Sari SiitonenHenrik Holmberg
    p.324-334页
    查看更多>>摘要：In complicated systems, such as a highly integrated industrial plant with its own energy production, estimating the value of energy conservation is not so straightforward. Often, heat is priced using different kinds of methods for allocating the fuel cost to heat and electricity. However, there is no consistent way to valuate the process steam in industry, and not just one useful method for allocating costs to heat and power. In this paper, the energy method, exergy method, benefit distribution method and market-based method are evaluated and compared from different decision-making perspectives. The results of this study indicate that the allocation methods may overestimate by up to 200-300% the benefits from the mill perspective compared to the benefits from the mill site perspective. So, the most suitable method may vary, depending on the selected system boundary, i.e. the decision-making perspective, the type of CHP plant and energy prices. Based on the results of this study, the exergy method fits well with the CCGT plant with a condensing unit and constant fuel input. On the other hand, the market-based method is the most correct way to estimate the value of heat when heat conservation reduces the production of CHP electricity. Copyright.
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    Experimental investigation of a multi-stage air-steam gasification process for hydrogen enriched gas production

    Sompop JarungthammachoteAnimesh Dutta
    p.335-345页
    查看更多>>摘要：To achieve hydrogen-rich and low-tar producer gas, multi-stage air-blown and air-steam gasification processes were studied in this research. Results showed that the tar content from multi-stage air-blown and air-steam gasification were lower, compared to the average value of that from downdraft gasification. In the cases of air supplies of 80, 1001min~(-1) and 100, 1001min~(-1) with steam, hydrogen yields were increased by 40.71 and 41.62%, respectively, compared to that without steam. These were about 1.6 times of hydrogen flow rate of the base case (S/B = 0). However, it was found that too much steam added to the process was disadvantageous. The equilibrium model was also applied to predict the hydrogen production and the composition of producer gas obtained from the multi-stage air-blown and air-steam gasification processes. The predicted result showed a better match for the case of multi-stage air-blown gasification process. Copyright.
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    Hydrogen production from water gas shift reactions in association with separation using a palladium membrane tube

    Wei-Hsin ChenJau-Jang Lu
    p.346-354页
    查看更多>>摘要：Hydrogen production from water gas shift reactions (WGSRs) of synthesis gas (syngas) followed by separation via a Pd membrane was studied experimentally. In the reactions, a variety of combinations of a high-temperature shift reaction (HTSR), a low-temperature shift reaction (LTSR) and a palladium (Pd) membrane tube were considered. The results indicated that the CO conversion from the LTSR was close to that of the HTSR and LTSR in series; however, the latter with the Pd membrane could provide a much low CO concentration at the permeate side. On the other hand, while the produced hydrogen diffused through the membrane, methane was also found at the both sides of the membrane due to the methanation reaction activated by the Pd membrane. In the present system, increasing the steam/CO ratio enhanced the forward reaction of the WGSRs and elongated the residence time of the reactants in the catalyst beds, resulting in the increases of CO conversion and hydrogen recovery. As a whole, the concentration of CO in the separated hydrogen was lower than 50 ppm from the combination of the HTSR and the LTSR with the membrane, whereby the produced hydrogen could be applied in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Copyright.
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    Modelling of biomass gasifier and microturbine for the olive oil industry

    D. VeraF. JuradoK. D. PanopoulosP. Grammelis...
    p.355-367页
    查看更多>>摘要：The olive oil industry generates several solid wastes. Among these residues are olive tree leaves, prunings, and dried olive pomace (orujillo) from the extraction process. These renewable energy sources can be used for heat and power production. The aim of this paper consists of modelling and simulation of a small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) plant (fuelled with olive industry wastes) incorporating a downdraft gasifier, gas cleaning and cooling subsystem, and a microturbine as the power generation unit. The gasifier was modelled with thermodynamic equilibrium calculations (fixed bed type, stratified and with an open top). This gasifier operates at atmospheric pressure with a reaction temperature about 800℃. Simulation results (biomass consumption, gasification efficiency, rated gas flow, calorific value, gas composition, etc.) are compared with a real gasification technology. The product gas obtained has a low heating value (4.8-5.0 MJ Nm~(-3)) and the CHP system provides 30kW_e and 60kW_(th). High system overall CHP efficiencies around 50% are achievable with such a system. The proposed system has been modelled using Cycle-Tempo software~®.
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    Exergy destruction during the combustion process as functions of operating and design parameters for a spark-ignition engine

    Jerald A. Caton
    p.368-384页
    查看更多>>摘要：The second law of thermodynamics provides different perspectives compared with the first law, and provides the property exergy. Exergy is a measure of the work potential of energy from a given thermodynamic state. Unlike energy, exergy may be destroyed, and for reciprocating engines, the major source of this destruction is during the combustion process. This paper provides an overview of the quantitative levels of exergy destruction during the combustion process as function of engine operating and design parameters, and for eight fuels. The results of this study are based on a spark-ignition, automotive engine. The amount of exergy destroyed during the combustion process has been determined as functions of speed, load, equivalence ratio, start of combustion, combustion duration, combustion rate parameters, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), inlet oxygen concentration, and compression ratio. In addition, design parameters that were examined included expansion ratio and the use of turbocharging. The fuels examined included isooctane (base), methane, propane, hexane, methanol, ethanol, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. For the part load base case (1400 rpm and a bmep of 325 kPa) using isooctane, the destruction of exergy was 20.8% of the fuel exergy. For many of the engine operating and design parameter changes, this destruction was relatively constant (between about 20 and 23%). The parameters that resulted in the greatest change of the exergy destruction were (1) equivalence ratio, (2) EGR, and (3) inlet oxygen concentration. For the base case conditions, the exergy destruction during the combustion process was different for the different fuels. The lowest destruction (8.1%) was for carbon monoxide and the highest destruction (20.8%) was for isooctane. The differences between the various fuels appear to relate to the complexity of the fuel molecule and the presence (or absence) of an oxygen atom. Copyright .
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    Applicability of scroll expander and compressor to an external power engine: Conceptual design and performance analysis

    Hyunjin KimWooyoung KimHyunjae KimSeongjun Kim...
    p.385-396页
    查看更多>>摘要：A scroll expander and scroll compressor for a 10-kW class Ericsson engine utilizing solar energy as heat source has been suggested. Orbiting scroll members of the expander and compressor were designed to have a base plate with double-sided wrap structure for compact size and axial gas force cancellation. For axial compliance of the scroll machines, a back pressure chamber was created on each fixed scroll. In order to compensate for the thermal expansion, flexible coupling between the orbiting scroll base plate and the scroll plate holders and sliding keys between the fixed scroll and the supporting frame were designed. Common shafts were shared by the expander and compressor for direct power transmission. For high- and low-side pressures of 6 and 2.5 MPa, respectively, and expander inlet temperature of 700℃, the proposed engine efficiency was estimated to be 7.3%. The engine efficiency strongly depends on the expander and compressor efficiencies as well as on the regenerator efficiency. The shaft output of the designed scroll expander was calculated to be 38.84kW, while the input power for the scroll compressor was 27.97 kW, yielding 10.87 kW for the engine output. Copyright.
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    Exergetic, environmental and economic analyses of small-capacity concentrated solar-driven heat engines for power and heat cogeneration

    C. ZamfirescuI. DincerM. SternW. R. Wagar...
    p.397-408页
    查看更多>>摘要：In this paper, the exergy interactions, environmental impact in terms of CO_2 mitigation, and the economics of small-capacity concentrated solar power-driven heat engines for power and heat generation are analysed for residential applications. Starting from a base case study that assumes mass production in Ontario, it is shown that the investment in such a system, making use of a heat engine and having 9 m~2 of aperture area, could be about CN$10000 for a peak electrical efficiency of 18% and thermal efficiency of 75%. The average CO_2 mitigation due to combined savings in electricity and heat is ~0.3kgCO_2kWh~(-1), a figure 3-4 times larger than for photovoltaic panels. If 25% government subsidy to the investment is provided, the payback period becomes 21.6 years. Additionally, if the financing benefits from a feed-in-tariff program (at 25% electrical sell-back to the grid) and deductions from CO_2 tax are realized, then the payback time drops to 11.3 years. These results are obtained for a conservative scenario of 5.5% annual incremental increase in energy price. For the moderate consideration of all factors, it is shown that within the financial savings over the entire lifecycle, 7% are due to carbon tax, 30% are due to electrical production and the largest amount, 63%, is the result of reducing the natural gas heating capacity with solar heating from the proposed system. Copyright.
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    Plasma thermal conversion of bio-oil for hydrogen production

    David GuenadouHelene LorcetJean PeybernesLaurent Catoire...
    p.409-414页
    查看更多>>摘要：Numerous processes exist or are proposed for the energetic conversion of biomass. The use of thermal plasma is proposed in the frame of the GALACSY project for the conversion of bio-oil to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. For this purpose, an experimental apparatus has been built. The feasibility of this conversion at very high temperature, as encountered in thermal plasma, is examined both experimentally and numerically. This zero dimensional study tends to show that a high temperature (around 2500K or above) is needed to ensure a high yield of hydrogen (about 50mol%) and about 95mol% of CO+H_2. Predicted CO+H_2 yield and CO/H_2 ratio are consistent with measurements. It is also expected that the formation of particles and tars is hampered. Thermodynamic data of selected bio-oil components are provided in the CHEMKIN-NAS A format. Copyright.
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