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Journal of waterway, port, coastal and ocean engineering
American Society of Civil Engineers
Journal of waterway, port, coastal and ocean engineering

American Society of Civil Engineers

0733-950X

Journal of waterway, port, coastal and ocean engineering/Journal Journal of waterway, port, coastal and ocean engineeringEI
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    Wave Interactions with Spartina alterniflora on a Living Dyke Model: New Insights into the Use of Scaled Surrogate Meadows

    Acacia MarkovMargo MullerIoan NistorScott Baker...
    04025002.1-04025002.19页
    查看更多>>摘要：Physical modeling presents a useful tool for investigating the coastal protection function provided by marsh vegetation in a controlled, repeatable environment to inform the design of nature-based coastal protection strategies or nature-based solutions (NBS). To date, such studies have been used to investigate the influence of plant biophysical parameters and hydrodynamic conditions on wave attenuation, predominantly using surrogate vegetation due to the logistical challenges associated with live plant experiments. Most studies have been performed at or near full scale to avoid uncertainties associated with downscaling vegetation, particularly where Reynolds number similitude cannot be preserved. To address knowledge gaps related to the physical modeling of NBS at the small scale, experiments (1:4 scale) were conducted at the National Research Council of Canada's Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Research Centre, Ottawa, in collaboration with the University of Ottawa and the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Quebec, Canada. This study aims to (1) investigate methods for downscaling live vegetation in laboratory settings and (2) compare various surrogate proxies for the semiflexible Spartina alterniflora salt marsh species. A solid volume fraction scaling approach was applied to select multiple stem width and stem density combinations representative of a prototype-scale S. alterniflora field while maintaining stem Reynolds numbers within a range representative of prototype conditions. Arrays of various surrogate elements were subjected to irregular waves (0.073 m < H_(m0) < 0.225 m, 2.0 s < T_p < 3.2 s) at two water depths (d= 0.60, 0.75 m) across a fixed beach slope (1:20). Comparison of wave height transformations for the different surrogate array configurations indicated that downscaling of vegetation canopies is sensitive to stem diameter and spacing, even considering equivalent solid volume fractions. Flexible surrogate arrays performed similarly to rigid surrogate arrays in terms of irregular wave attenuation despite measurable deformation of the flexible element stems. This supports that wave transformations across S. alterniflora fields can be reasonably represented in scaled models using rigid cylinders for the range of array stem densities, wave conditions, and scale tested herein. This study presents novel critical guidance on small-scale physical modeling of wave-vegetation interactions to inform the design of coastal marsh-based NBS.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers

    Development and Experimental Validation of a Lagrangian Particle-Tracking Model to Simulate Wave-Driven Transport of Coastal Driftwood

    Enda MurphyAndrew CornettIoan NistorAbolghasem Pilechi...
    04025003.1-04025003.28页
    查看更多>>摘要：Wood deposits on beaches can contribute to coastal ecosystem function. However, driftwood and debris mobilized by storm waves pose hazards to coastal communities, infrastructure, and valued assets, including sensitive ecosystems. Predictive numerical tools are needed to guide risk assessment and management and opportunities to leverage the benefits of coastal driftwood. Models developed to predict driftwood fate and transport in rivers or by tsunami do not incorporate the effects of wind waves, surf-zone processes, or the wave-driftwood-shore interactions that exert important controls on coastal driftwood dynamics. Lagrangian transport models, developed to simulate oil spill and marine debris transport at oceanic scales, typically do not resolve beaching and washoff processes despite sensitivity to these mechanisms. Here, a novel Lagrangian model for simulating coastal driftwood transport by waves, which includes an efficient, dynamics-based beaching and washoff algorithm, was developed and compared to observations from a previous experimental study by the authors. Hydrodynamic forcing by two phase-resolving, nonlinear shallow water equation solvers (XBeach and SWASH) reveals that driftwood dynamics are sensitive to the vertical resolution of wave-induced velocities in the surf zone and swash zone velocity residuals. SWASH performed better than XBeach in driving the onshore-directed transport of driftwood observed in the experiments. For simulations where beaching occurred, the driftwood model (W00D-RIFTSIM) reasonably reproduced mean transport and dispersion rates from the experiments, with some tuning of driftwood-beach interfacial friction coefficients. The sensitivity to friction coefficients confirmed that driftwood roughness is an important factor controlling mobility in wave-dominated settings. Residence time distributions of beached driftwood generally fit well to existing stochastic washoff models, except when extreme wave runup event interactions with beach morphologies resulted in fat tails in the washoff probability distributions. The driftwood model provides insight into factors affecting beaching and parameterization of probabilistic washoff algorithms for simulating buoyant debris transport on wave-dominated coasts.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers

    Experimental Investigation of Overflow on the Lee Side of River Groins due to Long-Period Primary Ship-Induced Waves Using Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis

    Ahmad AIYousifTobias van BatenburgSargol MemarG. Mailing...
    04025004.1-04025004.14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The passage of ships in confined waterways creates a stern wave that can overflow bank protection structures such as groins. This overflow, due to the long-period primary ship-induced waves, can be high in velocity, especially at the lee-side slope of groins, potentially causing significant damage to the structure. This study derives an equation to express overflow velocities, intended as a design tool for groins exposed to these types of waves. A detailed experimental investigation was performed on four physical models of groins with different slopes and stone sizes in the armor layer under the influence of different hydraulic heads. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the flow velocities at the crest and lee sides of the structure. All PIV measurements were performed thrice under free-flow conditions with no initial water level at the lee side of the structure. The depth- and time-averaged flow velocities (U_(avg)) were extracted from four positions along the lee-side slope and accelerated from 0.7 to 2.2 m/s. A dimensionless equation of the overflow velocities was obtained as a function of the hydraulic head (h), slope (θ), freeboard (R_c), and nominal rock diameter (d_(n50)).
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers

    Numerical Analysis to Compare the Performance of an Oscillating Water Column Device with Different Air Chamber Geometry

    S. RaghavendraSreedhara B. MarulasiddappaA. ManojK. M. Praveen...
    04025005.1-04025005.11页
    查看更多>>摘要：The pursuit of sustainable and renewable energy sources has led to a profound interest in harnessing the vast potential of ocean waves. Among the various methods of harnessing wave energy, the oscillating water column (OWC) device has emerged as a promising wave energy converter (WEC). This study introduces an innovative OWC with a circle in square (CIS) model specifically designed to improve its adaptability to ocean wave conditions featuring low-amplitude, short-to-intermediate wave periods. The research also includes a comparative analysis with a square in square (SIS) model to assess the performance of the CIS model under these specific conditions. By varying the geometric configurations and wave conditions, the research uncovers key factors influencing OWC device performance. Ansys Fluent (version 2023 R1) software is employed for advanced computational simulations in a numerical wave tank. The study reveals that the CIS model consistently outperforms the SIS model under different orifice opening ratios (A). This investigation yields critical insights into enhancing the design of OWC-WEC devices for efficient energy conversion, with a specific focus on exploring the intricacies of complex geometries, illuminating the interplay between orifice opening ratios and wave conditions. These findings guide the development of OWC technology to meet the world's growing energy demands.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers

    Hydrodynamic Analysis for Mangrove Forests under Wave and Current Effects Using High-Order Phase-Resolving CutFEM

    Wen-Huai TsaoChristopher E. KeesRebecca Schurr
    04025006.1-04025006.15页
    查看更多>>摘要：This paper presents the implementation of a high-order phase-resolving cut finite-element method (CutFEM) to simulate the hydrodynamic features within an artificial mangrove forest caused by wave and current based on the incompressible two-phase Navier-Stokes model. The key advantage of CutFEM is that the fluid phase is fully resolved around the solid phase. This enables precise replication of the free-surface deformation and hydrodynamic drag, particularly for waves strongly interacting with the intricate prop roots of mangrove trees. Additionally, the present method employs the equivalent polynomial to compute the integration on the embedded surface with Heav-iside and Dirac distributions. No explicit generation of cut cell meshes, adaptive quadrature, or local refinement is required. Hence, it uses the same number of degrees of freedom as the underlying conforming Galerkin method on the fixed background mesh. The classical FEM can be upgraded since the same element assembly structures are used. This paper characterizes different components of the hydrodynamic drag induced by the mangrove forest. The reduced-order model accounts for the equivalent wave damping and is further established to replicate the wave attenuation. The numerical results and experimental measurements are compared. The results show that CutFEM is robust, accurate, and efficient for solving complex fluid-structure interactions. This research not only offers a convenient method for upgrading existing finite-element codes but also benefits practical design applications.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers

    Numerical Investigation on the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Convex-Type Floating Breakwater

    Jia-ming LiangYong LiuXue-yan LiYong-kun Chen...
    04025007.1-04025007.24页
    查看更多>>摘要：The utilization of floating breakwaters (FBs) represents a significant contribution to the field of offshore protection. In this paper, the interactions of the convex-type FB with water waves are numerically investigated. The reliability of the numerical model is confirmed through comparisons with experimental results. To better understand the difference in hydrodynamic characteristics between the box-type FB and the convex-type FB, the transmission, reflection, and energy dissipation coefficients, as well as the motion response and mooring force of the convex-type FB are compared with the box-type FB. The flow field information is also displayed to further clarify the wave dissipation process for both FBs. In addition, the effects of the draft and deck width on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the convex-type FB are also investigated. It can be observed that in comparison with the box-type FB, the convex-type FB exhibits a higher energy dissipation coefficient and a lower reflection coefficient. For the convex-type FB under different deck widths, the FB with a smaller deck width has a larger reflection coefficient and relatively better wave attenuation performance. This paper may serve as a reference for optimizing the effectiveness of the FB.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers

    Potential Impact of Canal Istanbul on Flow through the Bosphorus

    V. S. Ozgur KircaB. Mutlu Sumer
    04025008.1-04025008.13页
    查看更多>>摘要：This paper presents the results of a numerical study on the potential impact of Canal Istanbul on the two-layer flow system in the Bosphorus, the strait connecting the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea. (Canal Istanbul is a planned artificial waterway connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, located to the West of the Bosphorus, ca. 30 km from the Bosphorus in the north and ca. 15 km in the south.) The numerical model is a three-dimensional model incorporated with the large Eddy simulation (LES) model for the horizontal turbulence closure and a modified mixing-length model for the vertical turbulence closure. It was found that there is a one-directional, single-layer flow in Canal Istanbul (the flow direction being from the Black Sea to the Marmara Sea), in contrast to the two-layer flow system in the Bosphorus. The reverse flow in Canal Istanbul is essentially nil because the design depth of the canal, 21 m, is not large enough to accommodate the latter flow. The flow rate in the canal was found to be 6.4 × 10~3 m~3/s. It was also found that the head difference between the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea, the main driver for the flow in the upper layer of the Bosphorus, does not remain unchanged; it decreases to 25.7 cm, a value notably smaller than what might be called the precanal value, 33 cm. It was found that, with the introduction of the canal, the length-averaged flow rates changed from 18.55 × 10~3 to 14.95 × 10~3 m~3/s in the upper layer and from 6.55 × 10~3 to 9.35 × 10~3 m~3/s in the lower layer of the Bosphorus for the mean flow conditions. (The length-averaged flow rate is defined as the average between the flow rate at the north end of the Bosphorus and that at the south end of the Bosphorus.) It was also found that while there exists a net amount of transfer of water from the lower layer into the upper layer across the density interface in the precanal situation, the opposite is true in the postcanal situation in that there exists a net amount of transfer of water, this time, from the upper layer into the lower layer, the total amount of water transferred from the upper layer into the lower layer being 0.9 × 10~3 m~3/s (cf., 2.9 × 10~3 m~3/s transfer of water from the lower layer into the upper layer in the precanal situation). It was further found that, in the postcanal scenario, the total amount of the Black Sea water flowing into the Marmara Sea increases by 4.5% with respect to that corresponding to the precanal situation, meaning that Canal Istanbul alone will carry 30.6% of the total Black Sea water flowing into the Marmara Sea, an issue that has important consequences for the pollution of the Marmara Sea. The paper discusses other issues as well with regard to the impact of Canal Istanbul on the flow through the Bosphorus.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers

    Prescreening of Sedimentation Potential in Harbor Approach Channels: A Parametric Model

    Selman BaysalV. S. Ozgur Kirca
    04025009.1-04025009.13页
    查看更多>>摘要：In this study, a parametric model was developed to prescreen the sedimentation potential and maintenance dredging frequency for harbor approach channels under the action of combined current and nonbreaking waves. The model is fast, easy to implement, and well-suited for preliminary assessment for a given set of ship, metocean, and sediment characteristics. To resolve the velocity profile, a refined wave-altered current profile was implemented in the model in favor of a simple power-law current profile, which improved the model performance substantially. The model was first validated against the results reported in an experimental study, and then verified against field measurements of the Damietta Harbor approach channel. Finally, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the influences of (1) median grain size of seabed sediment, (2) wave severity, and (3) depth-averaged current velocity on the sedimentation in approach channels. The results showed that the dredging frequency of approach channels is mainly governed by the wave characteristics, i.e., wave severity, in the case of combined waves and current. It was further shown that representing the wave-altered current profile in simplified models is particularly important. Otherwise, the model would yield unrealistically high dredging frequencies when the current velocity approaches zero, even under severe waves.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers

    Flow through the Bosphorus

    B. Mutlu SumerV. S. Ozgur Kirca
    04025010.1-04025010.22页
    查看更多>>摘要：This paper presents the results of a numerical study on a two-layer flow system in the Bosphorus, the strait connecting the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea. The numerical model is a three-dimensional (3D) model incorporated with the large Eddy simulation model for the horizontal turbulence closure and a modified mixing-length model for the vertical turbulence closure. The model, tested and validated against field data and other numerical models, was used to study hydrodynamic processes associated with the two-layer flow system in the Bosphorus. It was found from the 3D model calculations that the length-averaged flow rates are 18.55 × 10~3 m~3/s for the upper layer and 6.55 × 10~3 m~3/s for the lower layer for the mean flow conditions, corresponding to the mean head difference between the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea of 33 cm, in good agreement with the field observations. It was also found that, for the mean flow conditions, a net amount of transfer of water of 2.9 × 10~3 m~3/s from the lower layer into the upper layer occurs, and this is due to mixing between the two layers, also in good agreement with the field observations. It was further found that the present model captures the location of the density interface between the layers and its variation with the longitudinal distance quite well. Given the time variation of the head difference between the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea over a time span of a year, the time variations of the flow rates in the upper and lower layers, calculated through the present model, compared favorably well with the field data. The present model solution indicated that the flow in the lower layer essentially stops when the head difference between the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea approaches approximately 40 cm, and, by contrast, the upper layer, likewise, stops when the head difference approaches approximately 10 cm. However, the model indicated that, for truly stagnant water in the upper layer, the head difference needs to approach nil. Additionally, hydrodynamics of the water body in the Marmara Sea adjacent to the Marmara Sea end of the Bosphorus and that in the Black Sea adjacent to the Black Sea end of the Bosphorus were unveiled by the implementation of the present 3D model.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers

    Field Measurements and Numerical Simulations of Deep-Draft Vessel-Wake Hydrodynamics in a Shallow-Bay System

    Fangzhou TongJens FiglusJoshua JoubertWilliam P. Fuller...
    04025011.1-04025011.20页
    查看更多>>摘要：Large vessels traversing waterways and bays generate wakes that influence near- and far-field hydrodynamics as well as erosion and sedimentation. A better understanding of these dynamics is important for optimized ship channel management, erosion control, and smaller vessel safety. This study presents data analysis and numerical simulation results based on two field measurement campaigns conducted along the Houston Ship Channel (HSC) in Galveston Bay (GB), Texas, to investigate the far-field hydrodynamics of ship wakes in a shallow-bay system. The first field campaign included detailed hydrodynamic measurements over a 1-year period near a mixed-sediment embankment about 1.0 km away from the HSC. A second, 2-week-long field campaign added data in an unobstructed area of GB between 0.5 and 3.0 km from the HSC. Hydrodynamic data were collected using acoustic Doppler velocimeters and pressure transducers and correlated with vessel characteristics obtained from automatic identification system data, validated through video footage. FUNWAVE-TVD model, which is a numerical nonlinear Boussinesq model including a vessel module, was used to simulate generation and propagation of water free-surface fluctuations caused by deep-draft vessel transits through the HSC. FUNWAVE is used frequently by agencies, academia, and industry, but its vessel module has not been extensively vetted for deep-draft vessel transits in shallow-bay systems using in situ measured data. Model validation and parameter sensitivity analyses involved comparisons between simulated ship-wake data and measured samples at five distinct points. Results indicate that the FUNWAVE model effectively replicates primary deep-draft vessel wakes (including surge and drawdown) in both time and frequency domains but fails in capturing the high-frequency oscillations of the trailing transverse wakes at the far-field measuring locations. Suggestions for numerical model improvements are provided. The study also introduces a methodology to compute the spatial distribution of total ship-wake energy flux induced by individual vessel passages from numerical results through spectral analysis to help identify dissipation (and potentially erosion) hotspots. For the example vessel passages investigated, an average reduction in energy flux of 2.1% per 100-m distance from the channel was found.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers