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Building and environment
Pergamon Press
Building and environment

Pergamon Press

0360-1323

Building and environment/Journal Building and environmentSCI
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    Comprehensive carbon cost of building projects: Optimization and relationship

    Lu, KunDeng, Xueyuan
    1.1-1.13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Balancing carbon emissions with economic costs poses a vital challenge in net-zero carbon buildings. However, due to the single application of carbon cost theories, it is difficult to address this question fully. Therefore, this study proposes a new concept of comprehensive carbon cost (CCC) for construction projects by combining the carbon damage cost (CDC), carbon abatement cost (CAC), and carbon policy cost (CPC). Using an improved material flow cost accounting (MFCA) framework, this study develops a CCC calculation model and take the change of life cycle CCC as the objective function for solution selection. A public building is selected as a case study for statistical analysis to validate the proposed model. In this case, the heat transfer coefficient (U-value) of building envelopes can achieve the CCC optimization through a quadratic function within a reasonable range, while undue U-value may lead to an exponential increase in CCC. In addition, this result explains the interrelationship between carbon costs, pointing out that low-carbon measures can reduce all carbon costs in most situations, while various carbon costs show a negative correlation on the Pareto optimal front. This research thus optimizes carbon costs and elucidates their interactions, guiding low-carbon building design.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Air speed needs and local sensitivity of non-frail and pre-frail older adults: A lab study in China

    Zhou, HaixiaYu, WeiKort, Helianthe S. M.Loomans, Marcel G. L. C....
    1.1-1.24页
    查看更多>>摘要：In China's hot summers and cold winters regions, older individuals often use fans or fan-AC combinations for thermal comfort in warm environments. However, there is a lack of research on the preferred air speed settings for varying levels of frailty and the reasons behind their sensitivity to airflow. This study, using the Fried frailty classification method, involved 12 non-frail and 12 pre-frail older participants in experiments conducted at warm temperatures of at 28 degrees C, 30 degrees C, and 32 degrees C. Different air speeds were set to examine subjective air speed needs, physiological changes, and sensitive body areas. Results showed that pre-frail older persons had lower thermal sensation votes in a situation without air speed, and experienced higher air speed sensation votes at the head, calves, and feet. As air speed increased, skin temperatures decreased, with the most significant changes observed in the head, which was also the most sensitive area. Pre-frail individuals also required more time for skin temperatures to stabilize and exhibited lower sweat production in distal limbs, excluding hands. No significant differences were observed in cardiovascular parameters. Comfortable air speed limits for pre-frail individuals were lower across the research temperature range: at 28 degrees C [0.12, 0.63] m/s, at 30 degrees C [0.36, 0.76] m/s, and at 32 degrees C [0.47, 0.78] m/s, compared to non-frail individuals at 28 degrees C [0.23, 0.89] m/s, at 30 degrees C [0.54, 1.01] m/s, and at 32 degrees C [0.65, 1.25] m/s. When creating airflow in warm conditions, it is crucial to consider the frailty level of older individuals to ensure appropriate age-friendly environmental control.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Longitudinal Analysis of Thermal Responses: A Comparative Study of Home and Office Environments in Singapore and Japan

    Mihara, KuniakiCheung, TobyOno, EikichiArisaka, Sohei...
    1.1-1.11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Despite extensive research on thermal comfort across various building types and climates, a significant gap remains in understanding how location and climate variations influence thermal responses, particularly between home and office settings. This study aimed this gap by quantitatively analysing the differences in thermal comfort between home and office environments in Singapore (hot climate) and Tokyo, Japan (template climate) using Bayesian estimation, as well as discussing the factors influencing thermal comfort. Twenty-four participants joined a longitudinal field study from January to April 2023, providing daily survey responses while indoor environmental parameters were monitored in both their homes and offices. Data collection was conducted through a watch-based survey system. The results indicated that Singapore homes with higher air temperature of 4.3 degrees C than offices, and Japanese homes with 3.0 degrees C temperature cooler than offices, both revealed insignificant negative impact on participants' thermal comfort. Through a Bayesian estimation, we observed wider thermal comfort temperature range at homes (up to 5.7 times) than in offices, which is possibly explained by greater perceived control, financial considerations, and lower thermal expectations at home. Locations and climates may shape participants' thermal expectations, leading to potential differences in their temperature preferences. Our findings suggest that aligning office environments closer to home settings could enhance thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption for space conditioning.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Impact of personal and contextual factors on multi-domain sensation in classrooms: Results from a field study

    Morandi, FedericaGasparella, AndreaTzempelikos, AthanasiosPittana, Ilaria...
    1.1-1.26页
    查看更多>>摘要：In indoor spaces shared by many people, such as school classrooms, the contextual and individual characteristics can affect the perceived indoor environmental quality and explain the distribution of the occupants' subjective comfort evaluations. Understanding the impact of these factors on the subjective assessment of the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and multi-domain comfort is crucial for reliable post-occupancy evaluations and retrofit solutions. This work presents the impact of personal (i.e., gender, clothing level, body mass index, age, use of glasses) and contextual (i.e., sitting position inside the classroom, facade orientation/outdoor view) factors on the students' thermal/air quality/visual/acoustic sensation votes collected in 50 classes during regular lectures, through the administration of 825 questionnaires. Students' sensation votes regarding the four perceptual domains were collected and correlated with environmental parameters (i.e., indoor and outdoor air temperature and relative humidity, indoor mean radiant temperature, indoor CO2 concentration and TVOC, indoor horizontal illuminance, indoor sound pressure level). Multi-linear regression analyses were performed to identify environmental variables significantly correlated with sensation votes, exploring cross-domain interactions. Then, the sensation votes were grouped according to different levels of personal and contextual factors to study correlations between votes and related binned environmental parameters for each set, by means of covariance analysis and post-hoc tests. Among personal factors, age and gender were proven to impact on the sensation votes in all the four domains. Furthermore, Body Mass Index and clothing level influence thermal sensation while the use of glasses do not affect visual sensation. The sitting position in the classroom impacts thermal, IAQ, visual sensation votes in relation to the proximity to the windows and the visual and acoustic sensation in relation to the proximity to the teacher and blackboard. Finally, groups identified by classroom orientation and occupant density significantly differ in terms of sensation votes.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Enhanced temperature control performance in underground refuge chambers through optimization of air inlets layout

    Yang, HaishanZhang, ZujingZhou, JiriMao, Ruiyong...
    1.1-1.17页
    查看更多>>摘要：When the underground refuge chamber (URC) operates in the deep sections of mine, it frequently fails to effectively address the issue of indoor environment regulation. The ventilation system can effectively regulate the indoor air quality, serving as a cooling measure as well. An appropriately designed ventilation layout can enhance the uniformity of indoor temperature distribution, thereby improving temperature control performance. In this study, the accuracy of numerical simulation model was validated through experimental method. Numerical simulation was employed to analyze the impact of four factors on the temperature control performance of ventilation system: the distance between inlet and wall (DIW), the type of distance in adjacent inlets (TDIs), the angle of inlet in x-direction and y-direction. The results indicate that: (1) The ventilation layout in case 3 is the most effective. With an initial ambient temperature of 27 degrees C, the effective temperature control duration is extended by 28 h compared to the typical ventilation scheme, reaching 79 h. Additionally, the temperature at 96 h was reduced by 0.4 degrees C, and the waste heat emission efficiency improved by 9.67 %. (2) Given that the alteration of the ventilation layout has a minimal impact on the waste heat absorption efficiency, the variation in the heating rate is predominantly influenced by the waste heat emission efficiency. Consequently, waste heat emission efficiency is utilized to analyze the ranking of the four influencing factors of air inlets layout, which are ordered as follows: x-direction > DIW > TDIs > y-direction.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    An interpretable spatially weighted machine learning approach for revealing spatial nonstationarity impacts of the built environment on air pollution

    Wang, ShuminHu, MingxingLi, JianyuLiu, Guoao...
    1.1-1.17页
    查看更多>>摘要：With urbanization acceleration, air pollution has become increasingly severe, and the built environment plays a crucial role in pollutant dispersion and accumulation. In this study, the central urban area of Nanjing is analysed in a case study, focusing on the plot scale to systematically explore spatial heterogeneity and nonlinear interactive mechanisms of built environment impacts. To accurately capture the complex spatial nonstationarity effects of the built environment on air pollution, a geographically weighted machine learning (GeoML) approach driven by an adjacency-based spatial mechanism integrated with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) framework for interpretability is established. The findings reveal that the GeoML model outperforms other models (the ordinary least squares (OLS), random forest (RF), geographically weighted regression (GWR), and geographically weighted random forest (GWRF) models), with an R2 value of 0.74, effectively capturing spatial heterogeneity and nonlinearity. Further analysis reveals significant variations in the impact of spatial weighting on the contributions of different feature variables: the explanatory power of most variables increases with the inclusion of spatial effects, whereas the contributions of variables such as population density, road network density, and parcel compactness are reduced. The SHAP framework is employed to provide interpretable analysis of the patterns in the impacts of various feature variables on air pollution. This study emphasizes the importance of spatial effects at the microscale plot level in understanding the mechanisms of air pollution and highlights their importance for developing urban environmental policies, thus promoting the transformation of air pollution control towards spatially refined management.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Electroencephalograph (EEG) Insights into Short-Term Thermal Adaptation and Alliesthesia: From Rapid Change to Steady State

    Pourghorban, ArashChang, Victor W. -CZhou, Jin
    1.1-1.13页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study investigates two underexplored aspects of dynamic thermal comfort-short-term thermal adaptation and alliesthesia-using electroencephalography (EEG). Participants, in a within-subject experimental design, experienced controlled transitions between neutral, warm, and cool thermal states in a climate chamber. A total of 32 experimental sessions were analyzed for short-term thermal adaptation, with a comparable dataset examined for alliesthesia. Robustness was ensured through validation analyses for both studies. Over the 20-minute observation period, short-term thermal adaptation was observed to occur over 15-16 minutes, progressing through two distinct phases: an initial rapid response phase (1-4/5 minutes) and a stabilization phase (4/5-15/ 16 minutes), before entering the steady-state phase (beyond 15/16 minutes). Each phase exhibited unique patterns of EEG activity, providing a detailed understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying adaptation across different thermal conditions. Additionally, the study offers novel insights into the dynamics of thermal alliesthesia. EEG analysis identified both common and distinct neural signatures for warm (positive) and cool (negative) alliesthesia. Notably, the effects of alliesthesia were most pronounced during the stabilization phase of short-term adaptation (the second 5 minutes), as the initial response phase began to diminish. This finding underscores the complex interplay between alliesthesia and the processes of thermal adaptation. These results provide critical insights into the neural mechanisms of thermal perception, with significant implications for the design of adaptive environments. By integrating real-time physiological responses into environmental controls, such designs have the potential to enhance occupant comfort, improve energy efficiency, and promote sustainability in the built environment.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Electric fan use in replicated 8-hour extreme heat event in young adults: Sex differences in thermoregulation and systemic biomarkers

    Wang, FamingWang, HaojianLei, Tze-HuanXu, Huijuan...
    1.1-1.10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Health agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO), recommend different temperature thresholds for electric fan use during heat events (CDC: 32.2 degrees C, WHO: 40 degrees C). Nonetheless, these guidelines do not account for the fan's physiological effects on immune and inflammatory responses in males and females. This study evaluated the efficacy of electric fan use in mitigating immune function, inflammation, and organ function during an eight-hour simulated extreme heat event replicating conditions in Hangzhou, China, on the August 3, 2024 (semi-hourly fluctuations; average temperature: 39.9 degrees C [37.6-41.1 degrees C], RH: 47.1% [40-57%]). Thirty-two young adults (16 females) underwent three eight-hour trials: (1) no electric fan with limited fluid intake (500mL; Con), (2) fan use with limited fluid intake (500mL; Fan) and (3) fan use with sufficient fluid intake (3L; Fan+Fluid). Core temperature, cardiovascular responses, plasma electrolytes, stress hormones, inflammatory markers, and organ function biomarkers were assessed. Fan+Fluid significantly reduced core temperature, stress hormone levels, inflammatory responses, and organ function biomarkers in both sexes (all p<0.05). Notably, Fan+Fluid greatly reduced IL-6, IL-1 beta, ALT and BUN by 23.9%, 32.5%, 15.9% and 23.6%, respectively, compared to CON, despite the core temperature difference is marginal. Females exhibited consistently higher stress hormone levels, inflammatory responses, and organ function markers than males across all trials (all p<0.05). These findings highlight the benefits of electric fan use in mitigating the effects of prolonged extreme heat, and suggest that females may benefit from more intense cooling interventions due to their heightened inflammatory and organ stress responses.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Application of multi-zone airflow modeling in the investigation of climate-regulating effects of courtyards

    Zhao, MoshaKuenzel, Hartwig M.Mehra, Schew-Ram
    1.1-1.17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Courtyard houses, known for their climate-responsive design, have evolved unique characteristics tailored to local climates and cultures. Their climate-regulating effects on adjacent spaces can enhance indoor hygrothermal conditions, building energy performance, and occupant thermal comfort. However, conventional thermal building simulations often treat courtyards' hygrothermal conditions as identical to outdoor environments, overlooking dynamic interactions between open or semi-open courtyards and indoor spaces. This simplification risks underestimating their benefits. To address this gap, this study employs multi-zone airflow modeling integrated with WUFI (R) Plus to assess its performance in investigating the climate-regulating effects of courtyards based on case studies. Two traditional courtyard houses in Tongren, China, under summer (unoccupied) and winter (occupied) conditions are investigated. By incorporating dynamic, user-dependent ventilation behaviors, the model achieves strong alignment with monitored data, with Normalized Mean Bias Errors below 10 %, Coefficient of Variation of Root-Mean-Square Errors below 20 %, and Coefficients of Determination for air temperature exceeding 0.75. Results demonstrate the model's capacity to accurately predict air temperature in courtyard spaces and adjacent rooms, particularly in warm periods when heat mitigation is significant. During colder periods, the model's ability to estimate air change rates offers a valuable advantage over conventional thermal building simulation methods for naturally ventilated buildings.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Indoor air quality in swiss primary schools: impacts of mechanical ventilation and seasonal variation

    Du, BowenRey, JoanF.Cesari, MatiasRoulet, Claude-Alain...
    1.1-1.12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Indoor air quality (IAQ) in classrooms significantly impacts the comfort, health, and cognitive performance of students and teachers. The COVID-19 pandemic heightened awareness of IAQ, leading to increasing adoption of mechanical ventilation systems in schools. This study investigates IAQ across 24 primary schools (11 equipped with mechanical ventilation) in the French-speaking region of Switzerland. Concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored during four week-long campaigns spanning from autumn 2021 to winter 2023, partially encompassing the COVID-19 pandemic until February 2022 and heating energy shortages in winter 2023. Supplementary measurements of radon and nanoparticles were performed at selected locations. During school hours, the median concentrations of CO2 and PM2.5 were 560 ppm and 4 mu g/m3, respectively (interquartile ranges: 450-780 ppm and 2-6 mu g/m3, respectively). Total VOCs (TVOCs) concentrations averaged 41 +/- 66 ppb (mean +/- standard deviation; integrated measurement including nighttime and weekends). In autumn and winter, classrooms with mechanical ventilation had 20-30 % lower CO2 and TVOC levels compared to naturally ventilated ones. Notably, naturally ventilated classrooms had significantly higher TVOC but lower CO2 levels in winter 2022 than in winter 2023, presumably due to more frequent window opening and cleaning practices tied to COVID-19 regulations. Commonly identified VOCs included acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetone, and ethanol. The findings underscore the effectiveness of mechanical ventilation in improving IAQ in schools, while highlighting the influence of seasonal and contextual factors on pollutant levels.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier