查看更多>>摘要：Budgetary constraints are forcing transport infrastructure authorities to raise private funds to finance the construction of new projects and the maintenance of existing ones by using concession contracts. One of the key elements in correctly defining a concession scheme is to establish an adequate risk-sharing mechanism among the stakeholders that take part in the process. This paper describes and analyzes the effect of the new Spanish Concession Law on risk sharing, in particular, the effect of the so-called progress clause on the calculation of risk held by the concessionaire. This law was designed both to reinforce private financing of public facilities and to improve the legal framework by defining a new risk-sharing approach, particularly in relation to the risks involved in estimating traffic demand. The paper finishes with an analysis of a specific application of the traffic risk-sharing approach for highway concessions in Spain.
J. David PorterDavid S. KimHector A. VergaraJim Whitty...
p.9-15页
查看更多>>摘要：The State of Oregon is heavily dependent on fuel tax revenues to maintain roads. Several technological developments, including the introduction and use of more fuel-efficient vehicles, will have a dramatic effect on fuel tax revenues in the near future. In response to these trends, Oregon House Bill 3946 mandates that the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) begin implementing pilot systems to test alternatives to the current system of taxing highway use through fuel taxes. The Road User Fee Task Force (RUFTF) was created as part of the bill with the mission of "developing a revenue collection design funded through user pay methods, acceptable and visible to the public, that ensures a flow of revenue sufficient to annually maintain, preserve and improve Oregon's state, county and city highway and road system." One alternative being considered by the RUFTF employs a fee based on vehicle miles traveled (VMT). This paper describes the development of two working VMT-based prototype technology configurations. This development effort was necessary because commercial-off-the-shelf technology with the functionality required by RUFTF was not available. Multiple concepts for on-vehicle mileage collection devices (using both odometer and Global Positioning System technology) and systems for fee calculation and collection were developed, integrated, and tested as part of the two prototype technology configurations. Results indicate that a VMT-based fee collected via radio frequency communications at service stations is technologically feasible.
查看更多>>摘要：Private-sector participation in infrastructure projects has gained worldwide acceptance as a way of ensuring more efficient and effective projects and of supplementing public financing. However, few studies have comprehensively focused on the possible impacts of private-sector participation, including changes in multiplier effects, economic benefits and costs, and the tax effects and transfer between local and central governments. The aim of the present study was to develop a comprehensive system of estimating the various impacts caused by changes in the scheme of public works or procurement of public services and evaluating the final impacts on stakeholders in the society. After establishment of a general flow system of money and benefits in the case of an infrastructure project by identification of the relationships between the stakeholders, tools were installed into the system to estimate the amount of financial flows, including tax and subsidy, under an alternative public finance institution and a project scheme. As a case study, a road project adhering to the design, build, finance, and operate scheme was compared with one adhering to the conventional scheme. The results of the case study indicate that value for money evaluation depends to a significant extent on the viewpoint and the scope of the analysis and that the difference between evaluations can be substantial. In addition, the results demonstrate the necessity of public finance transfer between central and local governments to ensure that the project is more efficient and effective with the participation of the private sector.
查看更多>>摘要：This study estimates the transportation performance and financial impacts of express toll (ET) lane and high-occupancy toll (HOT) lane concepts, with and without new bus rapid transit (BRT) service. Estimates are made for a prototypical suburban transportation corridor in a major metropolitan area with the use of the Spreadsheet Model for Induced Travel Estimation, Managed Lanes (SMITE-ML), which was enhanced to analyze the conventional build concept with no priced lanes. The analysis demonstrates that in a typical case a HOT alternative may mitigate congestion more cost-effectively than an ET alternative. Combining BRT with ET may make this alternative much more effective, perhaps more effective than a HOT alternative with no BRT. BRT increases the benefits and economic efficiency of both ET and HOT alternatives, but it reduces financial feasibility because of the need for public tax support for transit. ET alternatives tend to be more financially feasible than HOT alternatives primarily because of the additional revenues generated from tolls; under this alternative, HOVs are not exempt from tolls. These conclusions hold up for the case study corridor even under extreme assumptions with regard to demand elasticity and value of time.
查看更多>>摘要：The FHWA maintains the Highway Economic Requirements System (HERS) model to enable the estimation of highway investment requirements for the biennial Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance report to Congress. The HERS logic relies on the application of benefit-cost analysis to evaluate and select the best set of roadway improvements for system wide implementation. Benefits of roadway improvements are calculated from user and agency cost savings (including externalities), and cost is considered simply the capital cost of the improvement. The current research seeks to improve the knowledge of the unit capital costs of improvements modeled in HERS with the use of as-built road construction cost data previously developed for FHWA and bid-schedule data published by various highway agencies. The construction cost dataset used contained detailed data on more than 2,500 construction projects in six states; however, it lacked enough samples to apply either econometrics or generalized statistical analysis to make reliable estimates for all roadway improvement and cost categories in HERS. Both deterministic and probabilistic methods were applied to engineering specifications along with bid-schedule data on various roadway improvement projects to generate capital cost data for each of the classification variables. The final cost table data developed resulted in national highway improvement capital cost data that most realistically corresponded with a typical cost variation across land terrain and urban population density for a given improvement type. For some classification variables the new cost data are 60% to 150% higher than the previous HERS cost estimates.
查看更多>>摘要：Short-run variable cost functions are estimated with the use of a sample of 68 bus systems in the U.S. Midwest operating in the 1996 to 2002 period. Variable costs are specified as functions of outputs, input prices, bus stocks, and network size. Various output, input price, network, capacity, and disturbance specifications are examined. The cost functions are estimated with the use of ordinary least squares, switching regression, seemingly unrelated regression, and stochastic frontier cost models. The results indicate constant returns with vehicle outputs, increasing returns with passenger outputs, inelastic input demands, and substantial technical efficiencies that vary by firm and by state.
查看更多>>摘要：Economists' interest in the question of public infrastructure productivity has grown steadily since the 1980s. This paper reviews the literature on this topic with a particular focus on transportation's economic impact. Cumulative evidence reveals that, first, estimates of the elasticity of output with respect to public capital have declined over time and are currently indistinguishable from zero. Second, highways have local negative spillover effects that arise from economic activities being drawn to infrastructure-rich locations at the expense of adjacent areas. Third, transportation infrastructure is subject to congestion, which reduces the productivity of such infrastructure even when stocks remain constant. Finally, highways consistently enhance the productivity of manufacturing firms even when they do not do so for firms in other sectors.
查看更多>>摘要：Several studies of transportation and economic development impacts have recognized the extent to which changes in accessibility triggered by transportation improvements may translate into business cost savings and contribute to a region's economic competitiveness. This paper specifies and empirically tests a general model that captures the intensity of business activity (at the zip code level) as a function of local and regional accessibility, agglomeration economies, and region-specific effects. The geographic area of analysis is a four-county region in Maryland. The econometric analysis establishes a significant association between transportation supply and business activity in the study area. The findings suggest a clear positive association between access to primary highway facilities and the level of economic activity. The results also confirm expectations that roads with higher functional form and capacity are likely to be spatially associated with a higher intensity of economic activity. The models described in the paper provide the basis for examining regional economic effects related to new transportation facilities.
查看更多>>摘要：This paper examines highway-related economic development programs operated by state transportation agencies. These programs have common features that reflect similar objectives, goals, selection criteria, and organizational needs. Some, however, employ distinctive, recommendable best practices: economic scoring processes, job tracking systems, and measurements of economic impact. A development model or set of guidelines that integrates these best practices may help decision makers explore and appraise transport infrastructure investments in a more systematic and effective manner.
Jobair B. AlamSaiyid H. SikderKonstadinos G. Goulias
p.79-88页
查看更多>>摘要：Efficient allocation of resources is of paramount importance in building reliable and efficient transportation systems. This is particularly true because of the key role that transportation plays in the economic development of any region. Despite continuing efforts by economists, planners, and transportation system analysts to determine the relationship between transportation investment and economic development, the correlation is yet to be understood clearly. One of the most intriguing matters is the time lag between the two. Transportation investments have a complex, dynamic influence on economic systems. They generate both direct and indirect benefits, and they have short-term effects such as an increase in construction-related employment and an increase in markets for local goods and services, as well as longer-term effects such as the establishment of new industries that are attracted by increased access to local goods and services. The time lag between transportation investment and economic return significantly affects how the benefits of an investment are evaluated. This paper examines a framework for evaluation based on the data envelopment analysis technique that captures the dynamic relationship between transportation investment and economic development. In the analysis performed, a strong correlation was observed between the relative scarcity of transportation infrastructure, as compared with other input parameters in the production process, and a lag time between investment and the materialization of economic return. Short-, medium-, and long-term time lags were analyzed in the study, and it is suggested that current demand for increased accessibility is correlated with the dynamic characteristics of time lag with spatial variation.
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