查看更多>>摘要：To ensure that only authorized individuals—legitimate workers, travelers, and visitors—enter a transportation facility or border crossing, their identities must be ascertained. Because manual procedures are time-consuming, resource intensive, and vulnerable to human error and manipulation, the use of biometric technologies should be considered. This paper discusses several biometric technologies—fingerprint recognition, iris recognition, facial recognition, and hand geometry—and assesses their feasibility for use in access control at transportation facilities and border crossings. The advantages and disadvantages of the technologies are provided, as are cost, accuracy, and other performance data. Potential privacy and data issues are also discussed.
查看更多>>摘要：Advanced vehicle identification technologies can enhance national security and the security of transportation facilities, workers, and customers by preventing unauthorized vehicles from entering a transportation facility, border crossing, or parking area. Manual checks are time-consuming—license plates must be checked against authorized plates, and the identities of workers and travelers confirmed. Advanced vehicle identification technologies allow faster access for authorized vehicles, reduce the possibility of fraud and error, and permit security personnel to spend more time in evaluating unknown vehicles and persons. This paper discusses several advanced vehicle identification technologies— automated license plate recognition, vehicle-based identification, and electronic vehicle identification systems—and their applicability in localized access control and in national security situations. The technologies' features, costs, accuracy, and feasibility are discussed, and recommendations for further research are provided.
Shahed RowshanWilliam C. SauntryThomas M. WoodBruce Churchill...
p.17-24页
查看更多>>摘要：Transportation management centers (TMCs) make an important difference in the lives of commuters around the country every day. Various types of threats could damage or destroy a TMCs ability to operate. These threats range from rare but devastating terrorist attacks to the more frequent and troublesome utility failures and severe weather conditions. The TMC risk assessment methodology (RAM) introduced in this paper is based on the best practices of several proven RAMs. Its components include asset identification, threat assessment, consequence assessment, vulnerability assessment, and countermeasure development The research team selected 10 TMCs as a basis for gathering best practices and common challenges. As initial data were developed for the 10 centers, three sites were chosen to participate in more comprehensive on-site vulnerability assessments. This paper provides general recommendations that can be readily applied to all TMCs. These recommendations include taking the time to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment; reviewing, updating, and revising the risk assessment on a regular basis; correcting simple physical vulnerabilities; and training employees in security awareness.
Mark LepofskyJames O. SimmonsJeffrey K. BeattyJohn S. Rogers...
p.25-29页
查看更多>>摘要：Many credible threats against hazardous materials (hazmat) transportation exist in the United States. This paper outlines the overall regulatory approach to hazmat transportation security by commercial motor carriers in the United States and focuses on the well-received training and outreach efforts that have been put in place to improve the overall level of security in the United States. In the post-September 11, 2001 (9/11), environment, safety-oriented agencies are being asked to accommodate a new role in the security arena. Many regulations affect the highway transportation of hazmat. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration is primarily concerned with the enforcement of safety regulations, and the Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) regulates hazmat transportation across all modes. Recently, RSPA implemented new requirements for security assessments and security plans. Because many motor carriers previously did not have much experience with security issues, the guidance provided them is an important element in improving the level of security throughout the industry. The paper discusses how the motor carriers' security plans are reviewed and assessed by federal and state regulators. A key component of this review process, described in detail, is the importance of providing training to the regulators (a) to allow them to offer constructive recommendations to improve company security plans and (b) to develop a consistent approach to enforcement in an environment that is much more subjective than that of the safety-oriented enforcement with which they are familiar.
查看更多>>摘要：A paradigm shift in U.S. policy about inbound commercial shipments has occurred in recent years. Before September 11, 2001, U.S. Customs Services' regulation of imported goods focused primarily on trade compliance. Since then, Customs' priority mission has become preventing terrorism against the United States. Two volunteer programs, the Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) and the Free and Secure Trade (FAST) initiative, were created to reconcile supply chain security and trade facilitation goals. Customs has successfully engaged thousands of companies in trade security by offering benefits such as fewer inspections and expedited border processing. However, this approach is viable only if resources and mechanisms exist to ensure that the shipments being facilitated are indeed more secure. The security practices of current C-TPAT enrollees may not be validated for months or years because of funding and staffing constraints. These limitations also prevent Customs from integrating stakeholders with crucial roles in U.S. trade into C-TPAT and FAST. To improve the ability of these initiatives to safeguard U.S. supply chains, the federal government must increase program funding levels. This will allow more prompt verification of the security of enrollees and expansion of the process to key stakeholders not currently covered under the programs. As technology improves and the number of FAST movements grows, Customs should consider mandating the use of tamper-evident technology as a prerequisite for participation in C-TPAT and FAST. Finally, additional applications for FAST transponders should be pursued to improve security, safety, and efficiency in the border-crossing process.
查看更多>>摘要：Since September 11, 2001 (9/11), Americans have become more sensitive to the security of their surroundings, including the security of the national food supply. On February 7, 2003, the U.S. Department of Justice increased the nation's terrorist threat assessment level to orange (high risk). Subsequently, the U.S. Department of Agriculture in conjunction with the Food and Drug Administration asked the agriculture community to increase its security precautions. This meant heightening physical security on farms, limiting farm contacts to essential individuals needed to continue operations, increasing security for tanker trucks that ship milk from one plant to another, and adding other security precautions. Better security policies, procedures, and technologies are being sought and continue to be identified and implemented. This paper describes innovative transportation security technologies that have either been implemented or identified to enhance the domestic transport of milk from the farm to the consumer. Although potential vulnerabilities exist throughout the milk supply chain (e.g., at the farm, the processing facility, and distribution center), the transport of milk involves increased exposure and the risk of intentional tampering and contamination. The focus of this paper is on the transport element of the milk supply chain, particularly on the link from the farm to the processing facility, and on the emerging technological countermeasures being used to prevent and mitigate incidents that could lead to the contamination of milk. The innovative transport technologies examined in this paper include electronic seals, electronic manifests, management and tracking systems, and automatic hatchways. These innovative technologies are summarized and discussed in terms of their potential synergistic effects, their potential for addressing vulnerabilities, and the practical obstacles to their implementation.
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