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Transportation research record
Transportation Research Board, Commission on Sociotechnical Systems, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences
Transportation research record

Transportation Research Board, Commission on Sociotechnical Systems, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences

不定期

0361-1981

Transportation research record/Journal Transportation research recordEIISTPSCI
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    Field Comparison of Two Types of Accessible Pedestrian Signals

    Michael D. WilliamsRon Van HoutenJohn FerraroBruce B. Blasch...
    p.91-98页
    查看更多>>摘要：The effects of two types of accessible pedestrian signals on the street-crossing behaviors of 24 totally blind participants were directly compared in this research. One accessible pedestrian signal (APS) used a sound generator and vibrating hardware, which were integrated into the pedestrian push button (the Polara device). These sounds were heard from the near vicinity of the push button, and a different message or repetition rate was used to indicate the "Walk" interval. The second APS used pulsing light-emitting diodes to illuminate the message in the pedestrian signal head to transmit a message to a handheld receiver carried by the blind traveler (the Relume device). The handheld receiver provided a "Walk" or "Wait" message, designated by variable tones, which was audible only to the user. A control condition consisted of crossing without any APS device. Data were collected on crossing speed, the latency from the start of the walk and entering the crosswalk, the number of cycles missed, and the accuracy of the crossing. The results indicated that the time to cross the street was significantly shorter when participants used the handheld device than when they used the audible push-button device or crossed without any APS. There was no significant difference in crossing times between participants who used the audible push-button device and those who crossed without an APS under the control condition. The latency to start crossing was significantly faster when the participants used the handheld device than when they used the audible push button or crossed without an APS under the control condition. The number of missed cycles was significantly lower when the participant used either APS device than when the participant crossed without an APS device, and there was no difference in the number of missed cycles between the two APS devices.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL

    Evaluating the Safety of Shared-Use Paths: Results from Three Corridors in Connecticut

    Lisa Aultman-HallJeffrey LaMondia
    p.99-106页
    查看更多>>摘要：The project described in this paper involved the design of a survey of shared-use path safety for use at three facilities in Connecticut in the fall of 2002 and the summer of 2003. The objective was to collect self-reported information on collision and fall events and on travel exposure so that crash rates could be developed. The analysis of the self-reported events and travel patterns provides complementary data that are not available from other sources but are needed to address safety concerns on these facilities. The strengths of this approach include the collection of underreported minor events and the ability to estimate travel exposure and thus allow the estimation of crash rates per unit distance. The sample size of 684 was sufficient only for the development of aggregate crash rates, which suggest that skaters have the highest rates, followed by bicyclists and then pedestrians. The bicycle event rate was three times that of pedestrians, while the rate for skaters was more than six times that for pedestrians. Falls were more frequently reported than collisions, and they were more often associated with an injury. The overall incident rate for each of the three individual facilities was the highest for the path with the highest user volume and highest percentage of skaters and cyclists.
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    • NETL
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    Multimodal Microsimulation of Vehicle and Pedestrian Signal Timings

    Muhammad M. IshaqueRobert B. Noland
    p.107-114页
    查看更多>>摘要：A simple hypothetical network is analyzed with a microsimulation model to study the effects of signal cycle timings on the delay caused to both vehicles and pedestrians. Various vehicle types and pedestrians are introduced into the network, and their complete journeys are captured in the data output. Fixed-time noncoordinated signal cycles are defined at controlled junctions. Vehicle flows and signal cycle durations are varied while the other parameters, including pedestrian green phase timings, are held constant. Travel time delay information is disaggregated for vehicles and pedestrians for different signal timing scenarios. The results show that no single signal cycle timing can optimize the network delay for all types of flows. However, if the objective is to minimize the travel delay for all travelers, it is possible to find the optimal signal cycle length on the basis of the relative proportion of people using different modes.
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    • NETL
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    Optimization for Pedestrian and Vehicular Delay in a Signal Network

    Prabhati BhattacharyaMark R. Virkler
    p.115-122页
    查看更多>>摘要：The efficiency of an arterial network can be enhanced by optimizing the user costs incurred because of delays and other socioeconomic factors. Until recently, research mostly focused on minimizing vehicular delay to optimize user costs. Currently, no signal coordination tool exists to balance delays to both vehicles and pedestrians. A methodology that uses known techniques and available tools to identify an optimal signal coordination plan is developed. Pedestrian delay patterns are obtained from previous research. Delay data for vehicles are based on the modeling of peak-hour traffic conditions in urbanized areas of a hypothetical city. The signal optimization software Synchro (Version 3.2) was used to investigate the variations in vehicle delay with different signal coordination plans and offsets. The results reveal that the best offsets for vehicles and pedestrians are not necessarily the same. Consequently, a signal coordination plan that would benefit both should consider the total user costs of the system. The results show that the highest total pedestrian delay can spike up the user costs more than the highest total vehicular delay. The offset that generates the optimal user cost can be different from the best offset for vehicles or pedestrians. Thus, a balance between pedestrian delay and vehicular delay can be achieved to arrive at an optimal signal coordination plan.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
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    Microsimulation Assignment Model for Multidirectional Pedestrian Movement in Congested Facilities

    Ahmed AbdelghanyKhaled AbdelghanyHani S. MahmassaniSaad A. Al-Gadhi...
    p.123-132页
    查看更多>>摘要：Frequent pedestrian casualties in crowded facilities have brought increasing attention to the study of pedestrian dynamics in such facilities. In this paper, a microsimulation assignment model for multidirectional pedestrian movement in crowds is presented. The model attempts to overcome many limitations of existing models by incorporating various pedestrian behavior rules under a particular set of situations. It also adopts a cellular automata discrete system that allows detailed representation of pedestrians' walkways and movement areas. The model is applied to the "mataf" system, which is located at the main prayer hall of the holy noble mosque known as Al-Haram Al-Shareef Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. A set of simulation experiments is designed to illustrate use of the model to study the performance of the mataf system by consideration of different operational conditions as well as different pilgrim behavior rules.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL

    Design and Performance Analysis of Pedestrian Crossing Facilities for Continuous Flow Intersections

    Ramanujan JagannathanJoe G. Bared
    p.133-144页
    查看更多>>摘要：Although concepts of the continuous flow intersection (CFI) have been around for approximately four decades, minimal or no literature describing studies that have analyzed pedestrian traffic performance at these intersections is available. Several studies have reported on the qualitative and quantitative benefits for the vehicular traffic performance of CFIs in comparison with the benefits for the vehicular traffic performance of conventional intersections but have provided minimal or no discussion about pedestrian traffic performance. As a novel intersection design, many important considerations are required to design pedestrian accesses and crossings at CFIs without compromising pedestrian safety and vehicular traffic performance. In this paper, the design methodologies for providing pedestrian access and related pedestrian signal timings are discussed. Modeling was conducted on three typical geometries for CFIs with base signal timings optimized for vehicular traffic performance. The results indicate an acceptable pedestrian level of service of B or C on the basis of the average delay per stop experienced by any pedestrian for pedestrian crossings at the typical CFI geometries modeled. All pedestrians served at the CFIs are accommodated within two cycles for a typical signal cycle length ranging from 60 to 100 s.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL

    Influence of Winter Road Conditions and Signal Delay on Pedestrian Route Choice in Japan's Snowiest Metropolis

    Thambiah MuraleetharanKunio MeguroTakeo AdachiToru Hagiwara...
    p.145-153页
    查看更多>>摘要：Investigation of pedestrian route choice behavior on icy surfaces is important for the effective improvement of walkways in winter. The objective of this research was to investigate pedestrian route choice behavior in winter. Field surveys and questionnaire surveys were conducted to fulfill this objective. Video cameras were used in the field surveys to clarify the movements of pedestrians. How pedestrians chose their routes was investigated by observing their movements. According to the field survey, when the signal was green, the probability that the pedestrian would cross became extremely high, regardless of the road surface conditions. However, when the walkway surface was icy, the probability that the pedestrian would wait for a green signal decreased by a considerable value. This indicates that when the wait becomes long, the probability that the pedestrian win cross becomes low during the snowy season. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to clarify the factors affecting pedestrian route choice behavior. The questionnaire asked about different road surface conditions. The results from the survey indicate that even if part of a road section has a good surface condition, it has a strong influence on route choice behavior. It indicates that pedestrians feel uncomfortable in walking on slippery walkways and they prefer to choose bare walkways. On the basis of the data from the field survey and questionnaire survey, logit models were developed to express quantitatively the route choice behaviors of pedestrians. These models can be used to predict the probability that a pedestrian will select a route as a function of pedestrian delay at signalized intersections and the road surface conditions in whiter.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
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    Development and Application of an International Vehicle Emissions Model

    Nicole DavisJames LentsMauricio OssesNick Nikkila...
    p.157-165页
    查看更多>>摘要：Rapid vehicle growth in developing nations makes it necessary for these nations to address the transportation and environmental impacts of on-road mobile sources. To estimate the air quality impact of their fleets, many nations have adopted modified versions of U.S. or European emissions models or factors. In most cases, these models can lead to significant errors in emissions estimates. To address this problem, a new on-road mobile source emissions model, called the international vehicle emissions (IVE) model, designed for use in developing countries has been developed. The IYE model was developed jointly by researchers at the International Sustainable Systems Research Center and the University of California at Riverside. The IVE model uses local vehicle technology distributions, power-based driving factors, vehicle soak distributions, and meteorological factors to tailor the model to the local situation. In addition, an intensive 2-week field study was designed to collect the necessary fleet and activity data to populate the model with critical local information. The IVE model, along with the field study process, has proved highly effective in providing an improved estimate of mobile source emissions in an urban area and allows the effective analysis of local policy options. The studies have served to transfer tools and knowledge on the process of creating and improving mobile source inventories in an efficient manner. The rationale behind the development of the model, the development and application of the field studies, an overview of the results obtained to date, and planned next steps are described in this paper.
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    Equity Impacts and Challenges of Highway Access Management in an Emerging Economy: South Africa at the Crossroads

    Oliver Page
    p.166-173页
    查看更多>>摘要：As a middle-income country, South Africa realizes that it cannot build its way out of every transportation challenge that it faces. Alternative interventions have a role to play in optimizing the efficiency of the present transportation network while ensuring that the benefits from this optimization are distributed equitably. The implementation of the proposed Guidelines on Road Access Management in South Africa is one such intervention that may equitably improve the transportation environment. This paper describes the evolution and status quo of access management in South Africa, assesses the concept and purpose of access management from an equity perspective, considers the efficacy of implementing national access management guidelines while honoring the equity principles contained in the South African constitution and other civil laws and regulations, and assesses a selection of access management techniques with respect to their potential equity impacts. The paper identifies a selection of obstacles that have frustrated the adoption and implementation of access management principles on a national scale. Inconsistency in the implementation of access management principles, which is inevitable when there is no mandated national guideline, compounds the level of inequity manifested by ad hoc highway access permitting and management. Thus, it is concluded that the adoption and implementation of a national access management guideline will measurably enhance the potential of equitably improving the transportation environment in South Africa.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL

    Shopping Trip-Chaining Behavior at Malls in a Transitional Economy

    Gregory L. NewmarkPnina O. Plaut
    p.174-183页
    查看更多>>摘要：Cities in transitional economies are experiencing a proliferation of newly constructed suburban shopping malls. Curiously, travel habits to these new malls are quite distinct from those generally experienced in North America, particularly regarding trip chaining. While most weekday afternoon mall trips in developed nations are chained, few are linked in countries with transitional economies. Because trip chaining is a behavior strongly associated with sprawl, this research seeks to examine the nascent trip chaining at the four new peripheral malls in Prague, Czech Republic, to identify factors that contribute to such travel patterns. This research explores two types of trip chaining among a survey sample of 782 people. External trip chaining considers activities made before and after the mall stop, while internal trip chaining considers activities made during the mall stop. Overall, only 18.1% of patrons made external trip chains, while 42.3% made internal trip chains. This general finding suggests that, in the absence of many retail alternatives, mall patrons in transitional economies may substitute internal trip chaining for the external trip chaining that characterizes travel patterns in North America. This research demonstrates that male gender, high income, working age, small household size, ownership of multiple cars, suburban home location, few additional car passengers, weekly mall trip frequency, a long access travel time, poor mall accessibility, and a short mall activity duration are tied to higher rates of external trip chaining. Concomitantly, female gender, high income, working age, large household size, private vehicle use, additional passengers in the car, mall trip frequency, poor mall accessibility, grocery shopping, high mall expenditure, and long mall activity duration are tied to higher rates of internal trip chaining. These findings suggest that land use policies may be effective in limiting the growth of external trip chaining and maximizing internal trip chaining among suburban mall patrons.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL