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Ecotoxicology and environmental safety
Academic Press
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety

Academic Press

0147-6513

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety/Journal Ecotoxicology and environmental safetySCI
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    Intrinsic soil property effects on Cd phytotoxicity to Ligustrum japonicum 'Howardii' expressed as different fractions of Cd in forest soils

    Zhang, XiaoqingWu, HaoxuanMa, YibingMeng, Yu...
    110949.1-110949.12页
    查看更多>>摘要：A better comprehensive understanding of the influence of soil/solution properties on cadmium (Cd) phytotoxicity is essential for soil Cd ecological risk assessment. The toxicity of soil spiked Cd to Ligustrum japonicum 'Howardii' seedling growth was conducted by the greenhouse pot experiments using 13 typical forest soils selected from mainland of China. The results showed that the ranges of Cd toxicity thresholds of 10% seedling growth inhibition (EC10) and 50% inhibition (EC50) followed the order: soil pore water Cd (EC10 on average 0.88 mg L-1 with the variation of 54.9 folds and EC50 on average 2.28 mg L(-1 )with variation of 41.8 folds), DTPA extractable Cd (EC10 on average 5.4 mg kg(-1) with 20.9 folds variation and EC50 on average 17.86 mg kg(-1) with 6.6 folds variation), total added Cd (EC10 on average 6.55 mg kg(-1) with 16.7 folds variation and EC50 on average 22.11 mg kg(-1) with 5.1 folds variation), which suggested that whatever the available Cd expressed, its toxicity is largely affected by soil properties. The empirical multiple equations were well developed between different fractions of Cd toxicity thresholds ECx (x = 10 or 50) and soil/solution. The results also showed that the pH inversely correlated with EC10 (r(2) = 0.54, P < 0.01) and EC50 (r(2) = 0.63, P < 0.001) based on soil pore water, indicating the ECx decreased with more toxicity as pH increased. No single significant soil solution properties were found for ECx in DTPA extractable Cd. For the ECx of DTPA extractable and total Cd, the content of aluminum oxides in soil and soil pH were the two significant factors inversely related with ECx, which explained 68%-79% of the inter-soil variation, respectively. Overall, soil or solution pH was the most important factor controlling Cd toxicity thresholds. Meanwhile, significant negative correlations existed between the soil solution pH and the slopes of parameter (b) of the dose-response curves for different fractions of Cd, implying that the growth of toxic effect enhanced as unit Cd dosage increased in low pH soils. These results will be helpful to evaluate the metal ecological risk in forest soils.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Microbial mechanisms responsible for the variation of soil Cd availability under different pe+pH environments

    Wang, MengChen, ShibaoChen, LiWang, Duo...
    111057.1-111057.9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The objective of this study was to explore potential microbial mechanisms associated with how water management may alter soil Cd availability under changing pe + pH environments. Four water regimes, aerobic [70% MWHC] + dissolved oxygen, aerobic, continuous flooding, and continuous flooding + N-2, were applied to Cd-contaminated soil. The results show that the anoxic treatments were effective in decreasing soil pe + pH and in turn decreased Cd availability and increased soil S and Fe availability relative to those of the aerobic treatments. The decreased pe + pH enriched some anaerobic microorganisms such as those in the families Anaerolineaceae and Geobacteraceae. Conversely, other families, such as Gemmatimonadaceae and Sphingomonadaceae, appeared to be sensitive biomarkers that responded to aerobic treatments. Bacterial community structure and network interactions were altered to strengthen bacterial responses to different pe + pH environments as indicated by phylogenetic molecular ecological network (pMEN) analysis. The majority of predicted functional categories, such as metabolism, cell motility, and membrane transport, were affected by different irrigation regimes as indicated by a functional gene profile analysis. The categories were related to important traits that facilitated acclimation of bacteria to their local environment with altered soil pe + pH. Structural equation models revealed that soil pe + pH contributed significantly to soil enzyme activities and differences in bacterial community and function, and consequently, was responsible for the variation of soil Cd availability and iron or sulfur reduction.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Whole genome characterization and phenanthrene catabolic pathway of a biofilm forming marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PFL-P1

    Mahto, Kumari UmaDas, Surajit
    111087.1-111087.10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a small rod shaped Gram-negative bacterium of Gammaproteobacteria class known for its metabolic versatility. P. aeruginosa PFL-P1 was isolated from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated site of Paradip Port, Odisha Coast, India. The strain showed excellent biofilm formation and could retain its ability to form biofilm grown with different PAHs in monoculture as well as co-cultures. To explore mechanistic insights of PAHs metabolism, the whole genome of the strain was sequenced. Next generation sequencing unfolded a genome size of 6,333,060 bp encoding 5857 CDSs. Gene ontology distribution assigned to a total of 2862 genes, wherein 2235 genes were allocated to biological process, 1549 genes to cellular component and 2339 genes to molecular function. A total of 318 horizontally transferred genes were identified when the genome was compared with the reference genomes of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and P. aeruginosa DSM 50071. Further comparison of P. aeruginosa PFL-P1 genome with P. putida containing TOL plasmids revealed similarities in the meta cleavage pathway employed for degradation of aromatic compounds like xylene and toluene. Gene annotation and pathway analysis unveiled 145 genes involved in xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism. The biofilm cultures of P. aeruginosa PFL-P1 could degrade similar to 74% phenanthrene within 120 h while degradation increased up to similar to 76% in co-culture condition. GC-MS analysis indicated presence of diverse metabolites indicating the involvement of multiple pathways for one of the PAHs (phenanthrene) degradation. The strain also possesses the genetic machinery to utilize diverse toxic aromatic compounds such as naphthalene, benzoate, aminobenzoate, fluorobenzoate, toluene, xylene, styrene, atrazine, caprolactam etc. Common catabolic gene clusters such as benABGD, xylXYZ and catAB were observed within the genome of P. aeruginosa PFL-P1 which play key roles in the degradation of various toxic aromatic compounds.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Dynamics, thermodynamics, and mechanism of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) sorption to various soil particle-size fractions of paddy soil

    Chen, Xiao-TingYu, Peng-FeiXiang, LeiZhao, Hai-Ming...
    111105.1-111105.12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soil is an important sink for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) that is a typical persistent organic pollutant with high toxicity. Understanding of PFOS sorption to various particle-size fractions of soil provides an insight into the mobility and bioavailability of PFOS in soil. This study evaluated kinetics, isotherms, and mechanisms of PFOS sorption to six soil particle-size fractions of paddy soil at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.01-1 mu g/mL). The used soil particle-size fractions included coarse sand (120.4-724.4 mm), fine sand (45.7-316.2 mm), coarse silt (17.3-79.4 mm), fine silt (1.9-39.8 mm), clay (0.5-4.4 mm), and humic acid fractions (8.2-83.7 mm) labeled as F1 similar to F6, respectively. PFOS sorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics related to film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion, with speed-limiting phase acted by the latter. PFOS sorption isotherm data followed Freundlich model, with generally convex isotherms in larger size fractions (F1 similar to F3) but concave isotherms in smaller size fractions (F4 and F5) and humic acid fraction (F6). Increasing organic matter content, Brunner-Emmet-Teller surface area, and smaller size fractions were conducive to PFOS sorption. Hydrophobic force, divalent metal ion-bridging effect, ligand exchange, hydrogen bonding, and protein-like interaction played roles in PFOS sorption. But hydrophobic force controlled the PFOS sorption, because its relevant organic matter governed the contribution of the soil fractions to the overall PFOS sorption. The larger size fractions dominated the PFOS sorption to the original soil because of their high mass percentages (similar to 80%). This likely caused greater potential risks of PFOS migration into groundwater and bioaccumulation in crops at higher temperatures and c(e) values, based on their convex isotherms with an exothermic physical process.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Assessment of ecological hazards and environmental fate of disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds

    DeLeo, Paul C.Huynh, CarolynPattanayek, MalaSchmid, Katherine Clark...
    111116.1-111116.10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats) have diverse uses in a variety of consumer and commercial products, particularly cleaning products. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, they have become a primary tool to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus on surfaces. Disinfectant Quats have very low vapor pressure, and following the use phase of the products in which they are found, disposal is typically "down-thedrain" to wastewater treatment systems. Consequently, the potential for the greatest environmental effect is to the aquatic environment, from treated effluent, and potentially to soils, which might be amended with wastewater biosolids. Among the earliest used and still common disinfectant Quats are the alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) compounds and the dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) compounds. They are cationic surfactants often found in consumer and commercial surface cleaners. Because of their biocidal properties, disinfectant Quats are heavily regulated for human and environmental safety around the world. Consequently, there is a robust database of information regarding the ecological hazards and environmental fate of ADBAC and DDAC; however, some of the data presented are from unpublished studies that have been submitted to and reviewed by regulatory agencies (i.e., EPA and European Chemicals Agency) to support antimicrobial product registration. We summarize the available environmental fate data and the acute and chronic aquatic ecotoxicity data for freshwater species, including algae, invertebrates, fish, and plants using peerreviewed literature and unpublished data submitted to and summarized by regulatory agencies. The lower limit of the range of the ecotoxicity data for disinfectant Quats tends to be lower than that for other surface active agents, such as nonionic or anionic surfactants. However, ecotoxicity is mitigated by environmental fate characteristics, the data for which we also summarize, including high biodegradability and a strong tendency to sorb to wastewater biosolids, sediment, and soil. As a result, disinfectant Quats are largely removed during wastewater treatment, and those residues discharged in treated effluent are likely to rapidly bind to suspended solids or sediments, thus mitigating their toxicity.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Iron isotope evidence for arsenic mobilization in shallow multi-level alluvial aquifers of Jianghan Plain, central China

    Yang, YijunDeng, YaminXie, XianjunGan, Yiqun...
    111120.1-111120.6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Intake of groundwater with arsenic (As) concentrations exceeding the World Health Organization standard of 10 mu g L(-1)adversely impacts over 100 million people worldwide. Geogenic As contaminated groundwater within central Yangtze River Basin has recently been reported, but the variations within different depths of aquifers are not commonly observed and the processes controlling As variations have yet to be resolved. Here we report the significant As variations within two different depths (10 m and 25 m) of shallow multi-level alluvial aquifers at Jianghan Plain, a floodplain in the central Yangtze River Basin, which is also a recently discovered geogenic As affected area with cases of waterborne arsenicosis. The multi-year monitoring of aquifer chemistry results show that the As concentrations increase with the Fe(II) concentrations when As contents are relatively lower (<200 mu g L-1 ) in upper phreatic aquitard (at 10 m depth), while decrease with Fe(II) concentrations when As contents are much greater in lower confined aquifer (at 25 m depth), and the highest is up to 1070 mu g L-1 . Iron isotope analysis were conducive to characterize Fe cycling in the aquifers and thus illustrate geochemical processes controlling As mobilization of shallow groundwaters. Results showed that groundwater is generally enriched in isotopically light Fe with delta Fe-56 values between - 1.60 parts per thousand and + 0.06 parts per thousand (median - 0.55 parts per thousand). In the upper phreatic aquitard, microbial reductive dissolution of As-associated Fe(III) oxides, hydroxides and oxyhydroxides is the major process controlling As concentrations lower than 200 mu g L-1 . The reduction process could lead to the increasing As concentrations with the gradually increasing delta Fe-56 values, and a positive correlation between Fe and delta Fe-56, and between dissolved As and delta Fe-56 values is observed, respectively. In strongly reducing conditions as the lower confined aquifer, jointly microbial reduction of sulfate promotes the As mobilization through HS abiotic reduction of Fe(III) minerals, resulting in As concentrations greater than 200 mu g L-1 . These findings could provide new insights for differentiating the major factors controlling As mobilization at different depths of aquifers, and provide better water managements for similar geogenic As-affected shallow alluvial aquifers.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Toluene induces hormetic response of soil alkaline phosphatase and the potential enzyme kinetic mechanism

    Fan, DiwuJing, YujingZhu, YongliAhmad, Sajjad...
    111123.1-111123.7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Hormesis of soil enzyme that involved in heavy metal has been attracting much more attention for risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity, but insufficient studies were conducted to define the hormetic responses induced by toluene or other organic pollutions. The objectives of this study were to investigate the hormetic responses of soil enzyme induced by toluene and explore the potential enzyme kinetic mechanism. Soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was regarded as the endpoint to explore the hormetic responses under different doses of toluene (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mu L g(-1)). Subsequently, we conducted the experiments of enzymatic reaction kinetics and pure enzyme to further verify the potential mechanisms of soil ALP's hormesis. Results showed that ALP activities at 0.1-1.0 mu L g(-1) toluene were significantly increased in contrast to the control (0 mu L g(-1) toluene) (P < 0.05) at the exposure time of 30, 36, 48 and 54 h, with the maximum stimulation magnitudes of 24-43%. ALP activities were almost not affected by toluene (2-100 mu L L-1) in the whole experimental period (6-54 h). Meanwhile, the values of catalytic efficiency (the radio V-max/K-m, V-max: maximum reaction velocity and K-m: Michaelis constant) and V-max significantly increased compared with the control, but the value of K-m decreased from 2.5 to 1.6. Overall, low dose toluene can induce hormesis of soil ALP. The potential reason is that low-dose toluene could enhance the combination of soil ALP and substrates. We believe that this study will provide a new viewpoint for ecological risk assessment of toluene contaminated soils.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Population- and sex-specific sensitivity of the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa to metal exposure

    Dong, Dung ThiMiranda, Ana F.Carve, MeganShen, Hao...
    111130.1-111130.10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The sensitivity to contaminants of natural populations varies greatly depending on their historical exposure and on the sex of the individual. These factors result in great uncertainty in ecotoxicological risk assessments and challenge the protection of marine biodiversity. This study investigated the role of background pollution in the environment in shaping the sensitivity of males and females of the common marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa to the common trace marine pollutant, copper (Cu). Female and male amphipods were collected from two sites: Geelong (the polluted site) and Clifton Springs (the clean site). Amphipods were exposed to Cu treatments of 0, 50, 100, and 250 mu g/L for 10 days, followed by a 10-day recovery period. Cu-exposed males from Geelong showed a reduction in feeding rate at a higher Cu concentration than males from Clifton Springs, suggesting that they have a higher tolerance to Cu than males from Clifton Springs. This can be explained by their higher base level of metallothioneins (MTs) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), the key physiological responses for detoxification and defence against damages from Cu toxicity. Males showed a higher tolerance to Cu than females. This pattern was similar in both populations, which may be associated with a higher level of GST. During the recovery period, only males from Geelong fully recovered to the control level. Our results emphasize the importance of considering population- and sex-specific sensitivity of invertebrates to contaminants in eco-toxicological risk assessments.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Antarctic Adelie penguin feathers as bio-indicators of geographic and temporal variations in heavy metal concentrations in their habitats

    Sun, YayueLu, ZhiboXiao, KaiyanZeng, Lingyun...
    111135.1-111135.12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Seabird feathers are effective indicators of heavy metal contamination. To propose a biological detection method suitable for the long-term monitoring of heavy metals in the Antarctic environment, eight heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in Adelie penguin feathers from different body parts, years, and molting grounds in the Antarctic were investigated in this study. It is found that the concentrations of heavy metals in the feathers showed differences among the body part of origin. The levels of the eight elements in the abdomen and back feathers were approximately the same, but some elements of them were significantly higher than those in the tail feathers. The Hg and Cd concentrations in the abdomen and back feathers increased from root to tip, regardless of the sampling year or molting ground. Based on a structural analysis of the feathers, Hg and Cd were mainly distributed in the feather vane rather than the shaft. The methylmercury content accounted for 83%-97% of the total mercury content in all feather samples, regardless of location, year, or body part, thereby supporting the assumption that mercury entering the feather was predominantly methylated and indicating that a relatively toxic form of Hg is excreted through the feathers. The heavy metals in feathers from the same molting ground showed significant differences over the sampling years. The average concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn increased significantly from 2015 to 2019, whereas those of Cd, Hg, and Pb tended to decrease. The concentrations of the eight elements in Adelie feathers from three molting grounds varied greatly, possibly in relation to their living areas and dietary structures. Feathers from the Ross Sea site had the highest Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Zn concentrations, the highest As and Cr concentrations were detected in feathers from the Zhongshan site, and feathers from the Great Wall site showed higher Pb concentrations than those from the other two sites. This study established a long-term, nondestructive, and efficient method for monitoring heavy metal contamination in the polar environment in the future.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Microplastic particles in sediments and waters, south of Caspian Sea: Frequency, distribution, characteristics, and chemical composition

    Nematollahi, Mohammad JavadMoore, FaridKeshavarzi, BehnamVogt, Rolf David...
    111137.1-111137.11页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study assesses the occurrence of micmplastics (MPs) in coastal and sea surface sediments, as well as water samples, collected from the coastal region of the southern Caspian Sea, Mazandaran province, Iran. A total of 32 sediment and 10 water samples were studied. The mean concentration of MPs was 15 units kg(-1) in the sediments and 710 units m(-3) in the coastal water. Fibers constituted by far the dominant MPs in both media, accounting for 97% of the MPs in both sediment and water samples. The MPs were mainly black in color. The dominant size of MP particles in sediment samples was between 250 and 500 mu m, while the fraction >1000 um dominated in the water samples. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), and nylon (NYL) were the main polymers and/or copolymers composing MPs in both sediment and water samples. The MP particles had a relatively smooth surface morphology, although signs of weathering were observed. The number of MP particles in sediment and water samples showed a general decrease from west to east in the study area. This may be reflecting the spreading of MP loading from the outlets of Sefidrud, Tonekabon, Chalus, the major rivers entering the Caspian Sea just west of the study area, and the overall decrease in the spatial distribution of touristic and fishery activity. The main sources of MP particles could be local emissions from a large number of domestic wastewater effluents and urban surface runoff due to high population density, and industrial and fishing activities in this region. This study indicated that MP particles, based on their characteristics and chemical composition, are circulated between coastal waters, and shore and sea surface sediments of the Caspian Sea, leading to their uneven distribution in the different depths. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work studying the distribution of MP particles in sea surface sediments and also the most comprehensive on MPs in shoreline sediments and coastal waters in the southern Caspian Sea.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier