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Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis

Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

年刊

2689-6583

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis/Journal Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis
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    Heavy metal and microbial testing of selected cosmetic products in the Palestinian market

    Murad AbualhasanLiza NaffaRo'a AlardaBaraa Zahi...
    1-15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Excessive and continuous use of cosmetic products containing heavy metals can lead to harmful effects. International regulations mandate limited quantities of heavy metals contamination in cosmetic preparations to ensure consumer safety. This research aims to evaluate heavy metal and microbial contamination levels in selected cosmetic products available in the Palestinian market. We collected 35 samples randomly from 23 companies, representing four product types, and analyzed them for the presence of seven heavy metals: zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As) using an atomic absorption spectrometer. We also interviewed pharmacists who sold these cosmetics to assess their knowledge of allowed limits and toxic effects associated with increased heavy metal content in cosmetics. The results indicated that all tested products exceeded the allowed limit for Cd (9.5±2.3ppm), Cu (33.8±9.2ppm), and Zn (151.0± 7.4 ppm). However, none of the tested samples showed microbial contamination. These findings underscore the significant heavy metal contamination of cosmetics present in the Palestinian market. Thus, there is a pressing need to register and quality-test all cosmetic products sold in the Palestinian market and to raise the pharmacists' awareness and knowledge regarding heavy metals in cosmetics.
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    Concentration and sources of persistent organic pollutants within the vicinity of a scrap-iron smelting plant: Seasonal pattern and health risk assessment

    Jamiu Adetayo AdeniranBenjamin Toba OgunladeKhadijat Abdulkareem AbdulraheemEmmanuel Toluwalope Odediran...
    16-32页
    查看更多>>摘要：Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of ubiquitous and significant synthetic organic chemicals that pose deleterious threats to the environment and human health. This study examined the concentration, indoor-outdoor and seasonal change, sources, and health effects of PCBs in particulate-bound dust near a scrap iron recycling plant. PCBs levels were determined in samples using gas chromatograph mass spectrometer. The results indicated that 5CI atoms PCB constituted the majority of PCBs (41% overall), contributing 43% during the rainy season and 39% during the dry season. Dioxin-like PCBs (DLPCBs) contributed 38% during the rainy season and 33% during the dry season. In addition, DLPCB accounted for 26% and 40% of indoor and outdoor PCB emissions, respectively. Iron and steel production were identified as the highest identified contributing sources, accounting for 76% of PCB emissions in the rainy season, while plastic combustion had the highest contribution in the dry season, accounting for 44% of PCB emissions. Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk assessment showed ingestion as the main exposure pathway for children and adults during the two seasons (74.42% and 58.24%, respectively), followed by dermal exposure, while inhalation had the least contribution. A multifaced approach involving relevant agencies, the industry, and the community is required to reduce exposure.
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    From lab to ecosystem: Understanding the ecological footprints of engineered nanoparticles

    Shyam Sudhakar GomtePratiksha Vasant JadhavNaga Jothi Prasath V. RTejas Girish Agnihotri...
    33-73页
    查看更多>>摘要：Nanotechnology has attained significant attention from researchers in past decades due to its numerous advantages, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and improved stability over conventional drug delivery systems. The fabrication of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, metallic and metal oxide-based NPs, has been steadily increasing day due to their wide range of applications from household to industrial applications. Fabricated ENPs can release different materials into the environment during their fabrication process. The effect of such materials on the environment is the primary concern with due diligence on the safety and efficacy of prepared NPs. In addition, an understanding of chemistry, reactivity, fabrication process, and viable mechanism of NPs involved in the interaction with the environment is very important. To date, only a limited number of techniques are available to assess ENPs in the natural environment which makes it difficult to ascertain the impact of ENPs in natural settings. This review extensively examines the environmental effects of ENPs and briefly discusses useful tools for determining NP size, surface charge, surface area, and external appearance. In conclusion, the review highlights the potential risks associated with ENPs and suggests possible solutions.
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    Cellular and molecular alterations in a human hepatocellular in vitro model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development and stratification

    Rose A. WillettVolodymyr P. TryndyakFrederick A. BelandIgor P. Pogribny...
    74-92页
    查看更多>>摘要：The rapidly increasing incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing health crisis worldwide. If not detected early, NAFLD progression can lead to irreversible pathological states, including liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Using in vitro models to understand the molecular pathogenesis has been extremely beneficial; however, most studies have utilized only short-term exposures, highlighting a limitation in current research to model extended fat-induced liver injury. We treated Hep3B cells continuously with a low dose of oleic and palmitic free fatty acids (FFAs) for 7 or 28 days. Transcriptomic analysis identified dysregulated molecular pathways and differential expression of 984 and 917 genes after FFA treatment for 7 and 28days respectively. DNA methylation analysis of altered DNA methylated regions (DMRs) found 7 DMRs in common. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed transcriptomic changes primarily involved in lipid metabolism, small molecule biochemistry, and molecular transport. Western blot analysis revealed changes in PDK4 and CPT1A protein levels, indicative of mitochondrial stress. In line with this, there was mitochondrial morphological change demonstrating breakdown of the mitochondrial network. This in vitro model of human NAFL mimics results observed in human patients and may be used as a pre-clinical model for drug intervention.
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    Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized with Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extracts

    Bushra H. ShnawaParwin J. JalilAli Al-EzziRenjbar M. Mhamedsharif...
    93-108页
    查看更多>>摘要：Background: Due to their simplicity, eco-friendliness, availability and non-toxicity, the greener fabrication of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles has been a highly attractive research area over the last decade. Aim: This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Ziziphus spina-christi. Method: The antioxidant property of ZnO-NPs was analyzed by the a, a-diphenyl-p-picrylhy-drazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2). Additionally, the diffusion agar method assessed the antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi. Results: ZnO-NPs synthesized by Z. spina-christi had shown promising H_2O_2 and DPPH free radical scavenging actions compared to vitamin C. The ZnO-NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria with various susceptibility as a concentration-dependent effect. The largest zone of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was observed (36 ±2 mm) compared to Escherichia coli (E. coli) (15±2mm) by the same concentration of ZnO-NPs. The ZnO-NPs showed remarkable antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, ZnO-NP have been imposed as suitable antimicrobial agent being able to combat both S. aureus and £ coli in vitro.
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    Effects of hexavalent chromium on mitochondria and their implications in carcinogenesis

    Anish AlurJohn PhillipsDazhong Xu
    109-125页
    查看更多>>摘要：Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a well-known occupational and environmental human carcinogen. The cellular effect of Cr(VI) is complex and often nonspecific due to its ability to modulate multiple cellular targets. The toxicity of Cr(VI) is strongly linked to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during its reduction process. ROS can cause oxidation of cellular macro-molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, thereby altering their functions. A major genotoxic effect of Cr(VI) that contributes to carcinogenesis is the formation of DNA adducts, which can lead to DNA damage. Modulations of cellular signaling pathways and epigenetics may also contribute to the carcinogenic effects of Cr(VI). Cr(VI) has a major impact on many aspects of mitochondrial biology, including oxidative phosphor-ylation, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. These effects have the potential to alter the trajectory of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenic process. This perspective article summarizes current understandings of the effect of Cr(VI) on mitochondria and discusses the future directions of research in this area, particularly with regard to carcinogenesis.
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    Assessing the impact and mechanisms of environmental pollutants (heavy metals and pesticides) on the male reproductive system: a comprehensive review

    Rohit GautamEepsita PriyadarshiniArbind Kumar PatelTaruna Arora...
    126-153页
    查看更多>>摘要：The escalation of technological advancements, coupled with the increased use of hazardous chemicals, has emerged as a significant concern for human health. Exposure to environmental pollutants like heavy metals and pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) is known to significantly contribute to various health problems, particularly affecting reproductive health. Disturbances in reproductive potential and reproductive toxicity in males are particularly worrisome. Existing literature suggests that exposure to these environmental pollutants significantly alters male reproductive parameters. Thus, it is imperative to thoroughly analyze, comprehend, and evaluate their impact on male reproductive toxicity. Oxidative stress and disruptions in redox equilibrium are major factors through which these pollutants induce changes in sperm parameters and affect the reproductive system. Insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides act as endocrine disruptors, interfering with the secretion and function of reproductive hormones such as testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH), consequently impacting spermatogenesis. Additionally, heavy metals are reported to bio-accumulate in reproductive organs, acting as endocrine disruptors and triggering oxidative stress. The co-operative association of these pollutants can lead to severe damage. In this comprehensive review, we have conducted an in-depth analysis of the impact of these environmental pollutants on the male reproductive system, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of action.
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    Assessment of clinical chemistry and hematological parameters in female Sprague-Dawley rats following a 7-day oral exposure to three different species of Echinacea

    Suresh K. NagumalliJoshua T. SalleyJeffrey D. Carstens
    154-171页
    查看更多>>摘要：Echinacea has grown in popularity due to its broad therapeutic benefits. Despite its popularity, comprehensive safety evaluations for three medicinal species are limited. In this study, female Sprague-Dawley rats received oral doses (0, 25, 50, 100, 200mg/kg/d) of 75% (v/v) ethanol extract from the aerial parts of 9 Echinacea samples of three species - Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, and Echinacea pallida - over a 7-day period. Blood and serum samples, collected twenty-four hours post the final dose, were analyzed for hematology and clinical chemistry parameters. The results revealed varied effects across the tested samples, with many parameters showing no discernible impacts at administered doses. Subtle alterations were observed in parameters such as relative liver weight, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and platelet count. Parameters like relative spleen weight, alanine transaminase (ALT), glucose, urea, hema-tocrit, hemoglobin, and RBC count exhibited effects in only one out of the nine samples tested. These findings emphasize the heterogeneity in the effects of Echinacea. While the results suggest that Echinacea samples might be considered relatively safe, potential clinical implications warrant caution and underscore the importance of extended testing. A comprehensive toxicity profile assessment remains paramount to conclusively ascertain the safety of three Echinacea species.
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    Factors related to tumor response rate from TCGA three omics data-variants, expression, methylation

    Hyung-Min AhnInsu ParkChang Geun KimYoung Kyung Ko...
    173-188页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and its patient-derived multi-omics datasets have been the backbone of cancer research, and with novel approaches, it continues to shed new insight into the disease. In this study, we delved into a method of multi-omics integration of patient datasets and the association of biological pathways related to the disease. First, across thirty-three types of cancer present in TCGA, we merged genomic mutations and drug response datasets and filtered for the viable variant-drug response combinations available in TCGA, containing more than three samples for each drug response label with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and genomic methylation data available for each patient. We identified two distinct combinations in TCGA, one being pancreatic adenocar-cinoma patients with/without rs121913529 variant in KRAS gene treated with gemcitabine, and the other low-grade glioma with/ without rs121913500 variant in IDH1 gene administered with temozolomide. In these two groups, different patterns of gene expression were observed in the pathways often associated with cancer progression, such as mTOR and PDGF between the patients with complete response and progressive disease. Our result will provide yet another example of the relevance of these biological pathways in cancer drug response and a way for multi-omics integration in cancer datasets.
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    Evaluating the mode of action of perfluorooctanoic acid-induced liver tumors in male Sprague-Dawley rats using a toxicogenomic approach

    Xilin LiZemin WangQiangen WuJames E. Klaunig...
    189-213页
    查看更多>>摘要：The mode of action (MOA) underlying perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-induced liver tumors in rats is proposed to involve per-oxisome proliferator-activated receptor a (PPARa) agonism. Despite clear PPARa activation evidence in rodent livers, the mechanisms driving cell growth remain elusive. Herein, we used dose-responsive apical endpoints and transcriptomic data to examine the proposed MOA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0, 1, 5, and 15mg/kg PFOA for 7, 14, and 28 days via oral gavage. We showed PFOA induced hepatomegaly along with hepatocellular hypertrophy in rats. PPARa was activated in a dose-dependent manner. Toxicogenomic analysis revealed six early biomarkers (Cyp4a1, Nr1d1, Acot1, Acot2, Ehhadh, and Vnn1) in response to PPARa activation. A transient rise in hepatocellular DNA synthesis was demonstrated while Ki-67 labeling index showed no change. Transcriptomic analysis indicated no significant enrichment in pathways related to DNA synthesis, apoptosis, or the cell cycle. Key cyclins including Ccnd1, Ccnb1, Ccna2, and Ccne2 were dose-dependently suppressed by PFOA. Oxidative stress and the nuclear factor-KB signaling pathway were unaffected. Overall, evidence for PFOA-induced hepatocellular proliferation was transient within the studied timeframe. Our findings underscore the importance of considering inter-species differences and chemical-specific effects when evaluating the carcinogenic risk of PFOA in humans.
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