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Waste and biomass valorization
Springer
Waste and biomass valorization

Springer

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1877-2641

Waste and biomass valorization/Journal Waste and biomass valorizationEISCIISTP
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    Valorization of Camel Bioproducts and Wastes: Applications in Cosmetics, Pharmaceuticals, Food, Bioenergy, and Sustainable Economy

    Boubal Z.Khiri S.Elmaaiden E.Ullah N....
    1193-1210页
    查看更多>>摘要：© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.Camels, as resilient livestock uniquely adapted to arid and semi-arid regions, represent a valuable yet underutilized resource for sustainable bioeconomy initiatives. This review highlights the multifaceted valorization of camel-derived bioproducts and wastes across diverse sectors, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and bioenergy. Camel milk, rich in proteins, vitamins, and bioactive peptides, offers well-documented nutritional and therapeutic benefits, while camel meat and hump fat—abundant in essential fatty acids—hold promise for functional food and oleochemical applications. Camel skin and hair, high in keratin content, present opportunities for developing biodegradable materials and cosmetic formulations. In biomedical contexts, camel urine exhibits antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities, whereas camel blood can be transformed into nanocomposites for advanced therapeutic applications. Furthermore, camel dung serves as a high-potential feedstock for bioenergy through anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis, producing biogas, bio-oil, and biochar for environmental and agricultural uses. Collectively, these camel-based resources support the development of a circular bioeconomy by promoting waste valorization, renewable energy production, and sustainable product innovation in regions facing climatic and ecological challenges.
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    Cytogenetic Interventions of Algal Biomass for Sustainable Production of Biofuels for Optimizing Biorefinery System

    Haider S.M.A.Hussain M.Majeed K.Shafiq I....
    1211-1230页
    查看更多>>摘要：© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.The increasing demand and trends for sustainable energy resources have propelled the development and improvements of fourth-generation biofuels. Through the generations of biofuels, the fourth-generation biofuels, supported by advanced global research, have the potential to provide a suitable option for sustainable bioenergy production. Algal biomass is supported as a favorable feedstock due to its rapid photosynthetic performance and high lipid accumulation. The cytogenetic interventions can result in engineered algae and advanced biochemistry can improve the quality and quantity of fourth-generation biofuels. This review explores the potential cytogenetic interventions to enhance algal biomass yield, increase photosynthetic rate, target biochemical processes, explore genetic manipulation study, and genome editing methods under integrated biorefinery research. Different algal strains have variable lipid content. Higher lipid contents will have high calorific values, photosynthetic rates, and increased CO2 capture efficiency with multiple non-extractive environmental benefits. Successful feedstock optimization supports the production processes in the biorefinery system of algal biofuels on a large economic scale. It can only be achieved through cytogenetic improvements of selected algal strains, which results in optimizing biorefinery processes. Such transformed strains can harvest high amounts of energy and green algae are suitable for biofuel production in the future. Future research should focus on developing more precise and cost effective genome editing tools for algal strains, and on integrating artificial intelligence and bioinformatics for modeling advanced mega bioreactors for sustainable production of biofuels.
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    Advancing Bioenergy: In-situ and in-silico Approach To Enhance Anaerobic Digestion

    Salma A.Fryda L.Djelal H.Laferte J.M....
    1231-1250页
    查看更多>>摘要：© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.Anaerobic digestion (AD) is widely considered as a potential process for renewable energy production from organic waste materials. However, the efficiency of biogas production via AD is limited by slow microbial activity, process instability, and variability in feedstock composition. Recent advancements include incorporating biochar, which physically improves environmental conditions (e.g., enhancing microbial colonization, reducing inhibitors). Despite these benefits, exploring optimal operational conditions remains challenging due to heterogeneous experimental goals. To address this, Machine Learning (ML), a critical subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI), distinctly contributes to AD by enabling accurate prediction of optimal operational parameters, real-time process monitoring, and adaptive management of process complexities, which biochar alone cannot provide. The integration of ML-driven predictive capabilities with both in-silico (computational) and in-situ (experimental) platforms significantly enhances traditional biotechnological methods. This review explicitly outlines the contributions of ML, rooted in AI, in optimizing biochar-enhanced AD operations, particularly through forecasting optimal conditions for enhanced bioenergy recovery. Furthermore, it highlights ML’s role in exploiting cost-performance improvements beyond the physical benefits of biochar. Finally, current knowledge gaps related specifically to ML-assisted optimization of biochar applications in AD are discussed.
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    The Development of Pyrolytic Sewage Sludge Char as a Novel Bio-filler for Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

    Fan Y.Fowler G.D.Norris C.
    1251-1266页
    查看更多>>摘要：© The Author(s) 2025.The global rubber industry heavily relies on carbon black as a reinforcing filler, which contributes significantly to CO2 emissions and environmental impact. This study explores the potential of using pyrolytic char derived from raw sewage sludge as an alternative, environmentally friendly filler for styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Sewage sludge, rich in organic content, was pyrolysed under various conditions in a laboratory-scale rotary furnace. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the pyrolysis parameters, with key factors identified as temperature, heating rate, and holding time. The optimal pyrolysis conditions were determined to be 600 °C, a heating rate of 10 °C/min, and a holding time of 90 min. The resultant sludge char filler demonstrated a surface area of 160 m2/g and a tensile modulus at 100% elongation of 1.65 MPa, which outperformed commercial carbon blacks. When incorporated into the rubber matrix, the sludge char exhibited reinforcing properties comparable to those of carbon black, suggesting its viability as a sustainable alternative. However, further optimization of post-production processing and formulation is needed to improve filler-rubber interactions for enhanced performance. This study provides a promising pathway for replacing carbon black with sustainable materials in rubber manufacturing.
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    Exploring the Therapeutic Potential and Metabolic Profiling of Penicillium herquei Assisted with Docking Studies

    Khan M.A.Ahmad B.Alghamdi S.Kabrah A....
    1267-1283页
    查看更多>>摘要：© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.Penicillium is acclaimed for its ability to produce numerous natural substances that are valuable for drug discovery. Drugs produced by microbial processes are pivotal in the pharmaceutical industry. In the past 20 years, fungi have received considerable interest because of their prolific production of a broad array of bioactive secondary metabolites exhibiting assorted biological properties. Therefore, in this study, the indigenous fungus Penicillium herquei (FCBP-PTF 1206) was used for metabolic and pharmacological profiling. The pharmacological capabilities of ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions were assessed through both (in vivo and in vitro) assessments, showing promising antibacterial results against human pathogen S. aureus, B. subtilis with their zone of inhibition values of (22 ± 0.8 mm) and (18 ± 1.5 mm) respectively, similarly n- hexane showed S. aureus (zone of inhibition values of 18 ± 0.8 mm) B. subtilis (zone of inhibition values of 15 ± 0.18 mm) respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity of the EtOAc and n-hexane fractions was also evaluated, and both fractions showed significant antioxidant potential at concentrations of 250 µg/mL (71.5 ± 0.68%) and (65.4 ± 0.69%, respectively). It is of particular note that throughout the entire 72-h period of observation, no indications of acute toxicity were observed. Similarly, EtOAc extract of P. herquei at doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in the inflammation effect (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) against carrageenan administered mice, during the study period of 1–5 h. The LCMS-QTOF investigation revealed diverse metabolites such as xanthine, kurilensoside F, nigakilactone A, 13-Docosenamide, Integerressine, Norselic acid E, and chaetoglobosin. Additionally, among tentatively identified metabolites, chaetoglobosin displayed the highest biding score of − 10.2 and − 10.1 kj/mol against the pro-inflammatory enzyme COX-2 (PDB ID: 5IKR) and Tyrosyl-Trna Synthetase enzyme (PDB ID: 1TYD) of bacteria, respectively. These findings uncover the bioactive potential of P. herquei as a future candidate for drug discovery programs.
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    Changes in Digestibility, Growth and Biochemical Parameters in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) Fingerlings Fed with Cabbage and Cauliflower Waste Meal Containing Diet

    V K.A A.K.Sardar P.L M....
    1285-1301页
    查看更多>>摘要：© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the nutritional potential of cabbage and cauliflower waste (1:1) meal (CCM), in the diet of Labeo rohita fingerlings (15.18 ± 0.07 g and 7.05 ± 1.57 cm). At first, CCM was fermented with Aspergillus niger (FCCM) for seven days to include in the diet. An in vivo feeding trial was conducted using seven isonitrogenous (30% CP) and isoenergetic (15 MJ/kg) diets. The treatments were raw CCM at 20 and 30% inclusion (CCM20 and CCM30), raw CCM supplemented with exogenous enzymes at 0.1% inclusion (CCM20 + EE and CCM30 + EE) and FCCM at 20 and 30% inclusion (FCCM20 and FCCM30), along with the control (C) diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and crude lipid were decreased in CCM20 and CCM30 and increased in CCM20 + EE and CCM30 + EE. FCCM20 and FCCM30 showed higher apparent digestibility coefficients. The growth and nutrient utilization parameters such as weight gain %, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), lipid efficiency ratio (LER) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in FCCM 20 group followed by FCCM30, CCM30 + EE and CCM20 + EE groups. Amylase and protease showed higher activity in fermented and enzyme supplemented groups, while AST and ALT activities were higher in the FCCM20 and FCCM30 groups. Lipase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities were non-significant (p > 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that raw CCM can be used in aquafeed up to 20% inclusion, while enzyme supplementation or feeding of fermented CCM at 20 or 30% can enhance the growth in L. rohita fingerlings.
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    Cheese Waste Upcycling: Sustainable Approaches and Value Addition in Dairy Sector: A Comprehensive Review

    Amjad A.Riaz S.Imran A.Islam F....
    1303-1322页
    查看更多>>摘要：© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.Cheese manufacture yields large quantities of waste, and second cheese whey and cheese whey, in particular, present great environmental concerns by virtue of their very high organic load. In this review, upcycling strategies for cheese waste and associated by-products are investigated in a sustainable context, focusing on their main constituents: lactose, proteins, and minerals. Major processes such as lactose fermentation to ethanol identify opportunities for valorization. Whey protein-based edible coatings and films are innovative uses that aid in food packaging and preservation sustainability. In addition, the review addresses various industrial applications ranging from biofuel production, bioplastics, and food additives to medicinal applications such as nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds from cheese waste. This review highlights the upcycling value of cheese waste as a key action to achieve value addition and circular economy in the dairy industry.
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    Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Apple Juice Processing Waste with Manure and Corn Stover; Impact on Biogas and Methane Yield

    Kell C.J.K.Sempiira J.E.Gottumukkala L.Rensburg E.V....
    1323-1331页
    查看更多>>摘要：© The Author(s) 2025.Fruit juice processing generates large volumes of organic waste, including pomace, retentate, and waste apples, that are a challenge to manage. Anaerobic digestion (AD) allows for conversion of these wastes into biogas; however, their high acidity and low buffering capacity limits AD process stability, leading to reduced methane yield. In this study, co-digestion with manure and lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) was assessed. A five-factor mixture design was used to test different combinations on a bench scale, selected based-on seasonal fruit waste availability. Process performance was assessed based-on methane yield and volatile fatty acids before and after AD. Feedstock mixture representing an off-season blend of 20% pomace, 30% retentate and 50% manure, as well as an in-season blends of 20% waste apples, 30% pomace, 30% retentate, and 20% manure, were found to maximise the biomethane yield. Supplementation with at least 20% manure was essential for fruit waste digestion. Replacing a portion of the fruit waste with lignocellulose in the anaerobic digestion significantly improved the methane yield and prevented an “acid crash”. It was found that 30% LCB and 20% manure supplementation were the minimum required for anaerobic digestion process stability and yield for both in- and off-season fruit harvesting and processing.
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    Process Optimisation for Starch Extraction from Totapuri Mango Kernel Using Response Surface Methodology and its Comparison with Commercial Corn Starch

    Irom B.S.Gokhale J.S.Annapure U.S.
    1333-1353页
    查看更多>>摘要：© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.The processing of mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) generates a significant amount of solid waste (25–40%), with peels and kernels being the most common. The mango kernel predominantly consists of 58–80% starch. The utilisation of starch derived from mango seeds may enhance the economic sustainability of the mango processing sector while also reducing waste and preventing environmental pollution. The study aimed to optimise extraction conditions of starch from totapuri mango kernel employing response surface methodology to enhance starch yield and purity. The Central Composite Design with four independent variables viz., steeping temperature (4–50 ºC), steeping time (2–24 h), pH (9.5–10.2), and sample-to-solvent ratio (1:4 − 1:8) were employed. The optimal conditions of extraction showed the highest starch yield of 35.98 ± 0.29% with 90.01 ± 0.26% purity and minimal total colour difference (ΔE) value. The optimized totapuri kernel starch was further characterised, revealing comparable properties to commercial corn starch with respect to oil binding capacity, paste clarity, particle size, and turbidity. XRD spectra had established the presence of A-type starch, and SEM adequately confirmed the structural attributes of the samples. Thus, totapuri kernel starch showed physiochemical and functional properties comparable to commercial corn starch.
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    Valorization of White Grape Pomace for Polyhydroxybutyrate Production by Bacillus sp. MUN4

    Amiri Kojuri S.Ahmady-Asbchin S.
    1355-1367页
    查看更多>>摘要：© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.Agri-food waste valorization for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production is a sensible approach to decrease the cost of the production process of this biopolymer. The purpose of this project was to produce cost-effective PHB bioplastic from white grape pomace using a novel Bacillus strain. Twelve bacterial isolates were obtained from the soil of a municipal solid waste landfill; five isolates were PHB producers. Sudan Black-B staining and submerged fermentation technique were used to screen PHB-producing bacteria. Isolate MUN4 was the most potent PHB-accumulating bacterium that produced 2.5 ± 0.27 g/L of PHB and was recognized as Bacillus sp. MUN4 via 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic analysis. 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence of the bacterium was assigned accession number OR999895.1 in the NCBI database. The fermentation medium that contained 2% white grape pomace extract and ammonium sulfate exhibited the highest PHB production (4.63 ± 0.01 g/L). The XRD analysis indicated the PHB’s partial crystalline nature. The bioplastic structure of the PHB that was extracted was verified using FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GC-MS technology. The bioplastic was identified as PHB by considering hydroxyl, methylene, methine, methyl, and ester carbonyl groups, as well as three derivative products of butenoic acid at retention times of 14.96, 17.55, and 19.94 min. Bacillus sp. MUN4 may be an appropriate option for the environmentally benign and cost-effective industrial PHB production from white grape pomace.
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