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国际水土保持研究（英文）
国际水土保持研究（英文）

季刊

2095-6339

国际水土保持研究（英文）/Journal International Soil and Water Conservation ResearchCSCD北大核心SCI
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    A validation of WEPP water quality routines in uniform and nonuniform agricultural hillslopes

    Ryan P.McGeheeDennis C.FlanaganBernard A.EngelJohn E.Gilley...
    487-505页
    查看更多>>摘要：Current watershed-scale,nonpoint source pollution models do not represent the processes and impacts of agricultural best management practices on water quality with sufficient detail.A Water Erosion Pre-diction Project-Water Quality(WEPP-WQ)model was recently developed which is capable of simulating nonpoint source pollutant transport in nonuniform hillslope conditions such as those with BMPs.However,WEPP-WQ has not been validated for these conditions,and prior validation work only eval-uated calibrated performance rather than uncalibrated performance,with the latter being most relevant to model applications.This study evaluated uncalibrated and calibrated model performance in two plot-scale,artificial rainfall studies.179 observations were compared to corresponding WEPP-WQ simulations of runoff,sediment yield,and soluble and particulate nutrient forms for both nitrogen and phosphorus.Uncalibrated validation results were mixed for the different field conditions,model configurations,and prediction variables.Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiencies for uncalibrated simulations of uniform conditions were generally greater than 0.6 except for soluble nitrogen predictions which were poor.Simulations of nonuniform conditions were generally'unsatisfactory'except for runoff predictions which were quite good(NSE=0.78).Performance was improved substantially for almost all endpoints with calibration.Some exceptions to this occurred because the objective function for calibration was based on log-space differences so as to more equally-weight calibration of unsaturated conditions that tend to produce lesser runoff volumes and sediment yields.Calibrated results for both uniform and nonuniform condi-tions were generally'satisfactory'or'good'according to widely accepted model performance criteria.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Assessing the risk of check dam failure due to heavy rainfall using machine learning on the Loess Plateau,China

    Yulan ChenJianjun LiJuying JiaoLeichao Bai...
    506-520页
    查看更多>>摘要：Check dams are widely used throughout the world to tackle soil and water loss.However,the frequency of extreme rainfall events has increased owing to global climate change and the main structure of check dam is gradually aging,which lead to an increase in the failure risk of check dams.Thus,it is necessary to carry out the study on failure risk diagnosis and assessment of check dams.In the study,machine learning algorithms(ML),including random forests(RF),support vector machine(SVM),and logistic regression(LR),were used to integrate the environmental and engineering factors and then assess the risk of check dam failure due to the"7.26"rainstorm on July 26,2017,in the Chabagou watershed,located in the hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau,China.To verify the generalizability of the model in this study,these models were used for the Wangmaogou catchment north of the Loess Plateau.The accuracy assessment by the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve indicated that the RF model with an area under the ROC curve(AUC)greater than 0.89 was the most precise model and had a higher general-ization ability.In addition,the model dataset was relatively small and easy to obtain,which make the risk modeling of check dam failure in the study has the potential for application in other regions.In the RF model,each factor selected was confirmed to be important,and the importance values for engineering factors were generally higher than those for the environmental factors.The risk map of check dam failure in the RF model indicated that 56.34％of check dams in the study area had very high and high risks of dam failure under high-intensity rainfall in 2017.Based on the importance of factors and the risk map of check dam failure,the prevention and control measures for reducing the risk of check dam failure and promoting the construction of check dam are proposed.These proposals provide a scientific basis for the reinforcement of check dams and the future layout of check dams in the Chinese Loess Plateau.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Intensified cropping reduces soil erosion and improves rainfall partitioning and soil properties in the marginal land of the Indian Himalayas

    Devideen YadavDeepak SinghSubhash BabuMadhu Madegowda...
    521-533页
    查看更多>>摘要：Environmental crises,land degradation,declining factor productivity,and farm profitability questioned the sustainability of linear economy-based existing agricultural production model.Hence,there is a dire need to design and develop circular economy-based production systems to meet the twin objectives of environmental sustainability and food security.Therefore,the productive capacity,natural resource conserving ability,and biomass recycling potential of four intensified maize-based systems viz.maize(Zea mays)+sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas)-wheat,maize+colocasia(Colocasia esculenta)-wheat,maize+turmeric(Curcuma longa),and maize+ginger(Zingiber officinale)were tested consecutively for three years(2020,2021 and 22)in a fixed plot manner at Dehradun region of the Indian Himalaya against the existing maize-wheat systems.The result showed that the maize+sweet potato-wheat system significantly reduced runoff loss(166.3 mm)over the maize-wheat system.The highest through fall(68.12％)and the lowest stem flow(23.54％)were recorded with sole maize.On the contrary,the maize+sweet potato system has the highest stem flow(36.15％)and the lowest through fall.Similarly,the maize+sweet potato system had 5.6 times lesser soil erosion and 0.77 t ha-1 higher maize pro-ductivity over the maize-wheat system.Furthermore,the maize+sweet potato system recorded significantly higher soil moisture(19.3％),infiltration rate(0.95 cm h-1),and organic carbon(0.78％)over the rest of the systems.The maize+sweet potato system also recycled the highest nitrogen(299.2 kg ha-1),phosphorus,(31.0 kg ha-1),and potassium(276.2 kg ha-1)into the soil system.Hence,it can be inferred that concurrent cultivation of sweet potato,with maize,is a soil-supportive,resource-conserving,and productive production model and can be recommended for achieving the circular economy targets in the Indian Himalayas.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Soil loss and sedimentation rates in a subcatchment of the Yellow river Basin in China

    Simon ScheperChunyue LiuZhongbao XinLishan Ran...
    534-547页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soil loss by water erosion is one of the main threats to soil health and food production in intensively used agricultural areas.To assess its significance to overall sediment production,we applied the Water and Tillage Erosion Model/Sediment Delivery model(WaTEM/SEDEM)to the Luoyugou catchment,a sub-catchment of the Yellow River Basin within the Chinese Loess Plateau.WaTEM/SEDEM considers rill and interrill erosion and deposition rates to calculate the sediment yield rates leaving the catchment.Ter-races were established in the 1990s to reduce soil loss in this area,but no soil erosion modeling has been published regarding the effect of this mitigation measure.Therefore,we applied 1000 Monte Carlo simulations of the WaTEM/SEDEM,and the modeled average soil loss by rill and interrill erosion for 2020 was 12.2±0.5 t ha-1 yr-1,with a sediment yield at the outlet of 53,207.8±11,244.1 t yr-1.The results indicated that the terracing reduced gross soil loss rates(from 51.8t ha-1 yr-1 in 1986 to 12.2±0.5 t ha-1 yr-1 in 2020),while land cover changes,mainly the conversion of forests and grassland,partly coun-teracted the mitigation(combined effect:76％reduction).Modeled sediment loads by rill and interrill erosion accounted for 22.8％of the total long-term sediment production recorded by flow discharge measurements.Other processes not considered by the model,such as landslides,gully erosion,riverbank erosion,and sediment production by construction,seem to predominantly influence the overall sedi-ment yield.Considering years with baseline sediment production only,the measured and modeled sediment yields compared favorably,indicating that the latter processes primarily contribute during extreme events.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Large-scale extraction of check dams and silted fields on the Chinese loess plateau using ensemble learning models

    Yunfei LiJianlin ZhaoKe YuanGebeyehu Taye...
    548-564页
    查看更多>>摘要：Check dams have been widely constructed in the Chinese Loess Plateau and has played an important role in controlling soil loss during last 70 years.However,the large-scale and automatic mapping of the check dams and the resulting silted fields are lacking.In this study,we present a novel methodological framework to extract silted fields and to estimate the location of the check dams at a pixel level in the Wuding River catchment by remote sensing and ensemble learning models.The random under-sampling method and 23 features were used to train and validate three ensemble learning models,namely Random Forest,Extreme Gradient Boosting and EasyEnsemble,based on a large number of samples.The established optimal model was then applied to the whole study area to map check dams and silted fields.Our results indicate that the imbalance ratio of the samples has a significant impact on the performance of the models.Validation of the results on the testing set show that the F1-score of silted fields of three models is higher than 0.75 at the pixel level.Finally,we produced a map of silted fields and check dams at 10 m-spatial resolution by the optimal model with an accuracy of ca.90％at the object level.The proposed framework can be used for the large-scale and high-precision mapping of check dams and silted fields,which is of great significance for the monitoring and management of the dynamics of check dams and the quantitative evaluation of their eco-environmental benefits.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Divergent shift of normal alpine meadow exacerbated soil loss of hillslope alpine meadows based on field experiments

    Yulei MaYifan LiuYunyun BanJingxue Zhao...
    565-577页
    查看更多>>摘要：Global climate change and overgrazing are driving shifts in the plant composition of grassland com-munities,which may profoundly affect the function of grassland ecosystems in regulating runoff and soil erosion.Here,we examined the shift effects of normal hillslope alpine meadow to shrub and severely degraded meadow states on runoff and sediment generation under natural rainfall conditions,and determined the contributions of plant and soil properties changes to soil erodibility,runoff and sediment generation by in situ rainfall experiment and monitoring on the hillslope of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.The results showed that normal meadow shift into severely degraded meadow state,mean weight diameter,soil saturated hydraulic conductivity,soil cohesion and soil erodibility K-factor at the topsoil decreased by 70.3％,73.1％,80.3％and-13.1％,respectively,and when normal meadows shift into shrub meadow state,they reduced by 49.1％,-1.3％,49.4％,and-8.3％,respectively.Runoff and soil loss significantly changed by-40.0％and 177.8％when normal meadow shifted into a severely degraded meadow state,while runoff and soil loss significantly changed by+65.0％and+77.8％when normal meadow shifted into a shrub meadow state.Our findings highlight that the two divergent shifts both increased soil loss compared to the normal hillslope alpine meadows.Overall,our results indicate that the divergent shifts of normal alpine meadows exacerbated soil erodibility and soil loss of hillslope alpine meadows.These results obtained here offer a novel perspective on the regulation of runoff and soil erosion in the alpine meadow ecosystem.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Improving maize residue cover estimation with the combined use of optical and SAR remote sensing images

    Yiwei ZhangJia Du
    578-588页
    查看更多>>摘要：Conservation tillage is an important conservation measure for arable land in modern agricultural pro-duction,which plays an essential role in protecting black soil and improving the quality of arable land.The estimation of maize residue cover(MRC)can be used to obtain the spatial distribution characteristics of conservation tillage,which is essential for government departments to promote conservation tillage technology and understand the implementation of it.In this paper the southern part of the Songnen Plain was used as the study area,and Sentinel-2 MSI images and Sentinel-1 SAR images were used as data sources to correlate the spectral indices and radar backscatter coefficients with the field sampling data in the study area.The MRC estimation model of the study area was constructed using the Random Forest(RF)model,the Multiple Linear Stepwise Regression(MLSR)model,and Back Propagation Neural Network(BPNN)model,respectively.The results of the study showed that the correlation coefficients of normalized difference tillage index(NDTI),simple tillage index(STI),normalized difference index(NDI5),NDI7,shortwave infrared normalized difference residue index(SINDRI),normalized difference senescent vegetation index(NDSVI),normalized difference residue index 2(NDRI2),NDRI3,NDRI4,NDR15,NDRI6,NDRI7,NDR18,NDRI9,and MRC in the study area were greater than 0.4,and the correlation coefficients were higher for NDTI and STI,which reached 0.861 and 0.860,respectively.The correlation coefficient between W and MRC was 0.56 and between VH and MRC was 0.594.We used MLSR,RF,and BPNN methods in combination with Sentinel-2 MSI images and Sentinel-1 SAR images for MRC estimation.The synergistic use of Sentinel-2 MSI images and Sentinel-1 SAR images helped to improve the accuracy of the MRC estimation models and the correlation coefficient R2 of all three models to greater than 0.8.Based on the statistical analysis of remote sensing estimation results,we found that the average value of the MRC of the maize growing areas in Changchun,Siping,and eastern Songyuan in November 2020 was 66％,and 2％of farmland in the study area had a MRC of less than 30％.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Benggang segmentation via deep exchanging of digital orthophoto map and digital surface model features

    Shengyu ShenJiasheng ChenDongbing ChengHonghu Liu...
    589-599页
    查看更多>>摘要：Benggang is a typical fragmented erosional landscape in southern and southeastern China,posing sig-nificant risk to the local residents and economic development.Therefore,an efficient and accurate fine-grained segmentation method is crucial for monitoring the Benggang areas.In this paper,we propose a deep learning-based automatic segmentation method for Benggang by integrating high-resolution Digital Orthophoto Map(DOM)and Digital Surface Model(DSM)data.The DSM data is used to extract slope maps,aiming to capture primary morphological features.The proposed method consists of a dual-stream convolutional encoder-decoder network in which multiple cascaded convolutional layers and a skip connection scheme are used to extract morphological and visual features of the Benggang areas.The rich discriminative information in the DOM and slope data is fused by a channel exchanging mechanism that dynamically exchanges the most discriminative features from either the DOM or DSM stream ac-cording to their importance at the channel level.Evaluation experiments were conducted on a chal-lenging dataset collected from Guangdong Province,China,and the results show that the proposed channel exchanging network based deep fusion method achieves 84.62％IoU in Benggang segmentation,outperforming several existing unimodal or multimodal baselines.The proposed multimodal segmen-tation method greatly improves the efficiency of large-scale discovery of Benggang,and thus is important for the management and restoration of Benggang in southern and southeastern China,as well as the monitoring of other similar erosional landscapes.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
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    Mapping sediment mobilization risks:Prioritizing results obtained at watershed and sub-watershed scales

    Ataollah KavianSeyedeh Nastaran MirzaeiBahram ChoubinMahin Kalehhouei...
    600-614页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soils are key natural resources for the Earth's system;however,human impacts,especially,soil erosion are considered serious threats.Therefore,identifying and assessing effective factors to understand erosion hot spots at different scales is critical to developing effective land management plans and ensuring the sustainability of the territory.This study was conducted to determine and prepare an erosion risk map,but to prioritize the survey at different scales,such as sub-basin and watershed ones.To achieve this goal,geographic information system(GIS)and remote sensing data(RS)were used combining the analysis network process method(ANP)and ICONA model(Institute for the Conservation of Nature).As study case,we selected the degraded areas of the Gorganrood watershed located in the north of Iran.The study area was obtained for very low,low,medium,high,and very high-risk classi-fications of 14.0,21.4,17.9,31.3,and 15.4％,respectively.Results from the ICONA model also indicated that 12.8,28.8,22.1,27.9,8.5,and 0.03％belong to very low,low,medium,high,very high,and without risk of erosion,respectively.According to the validation results,it was found that the accuracy of ANP and ICONA models are 0.83 and 0.80,respectively,which indicates the suitability of the models for preparing the erosion map of the region is appropriate and useful for designing land management plans.We conclude that both models can be used to develop the erosion map potential and to prioritize sub-basins if a complete database of geomorphological characteriscs and human activities are accurate previously defined.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
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    Appraising trapping efficiency of vegetative barriers in agricultural landscapes:Strategy based on a probabilistic approach based on a review of available information

    José-Antonio MuñozGema GuzmánMaría-Auxiliadora SorianoJosé A.Gómez...
    615-634页
    查看更多>>摘要：Vegetative barriers have proven their effectiveness in controlling water erosion and enhancing other ecosystem services in agricultural areas.This characteristic has led to the conservation and promotion of vegetative barriers as landscape elements by the Common Agricultural Policy and other policy initiatives.Numerous reviews have dealt with the trapping efficiency of vegetated barriers,although they usually focus on studies from humid climates where their implantation and survival are more favourable.However,vegetated barriers are also an attractive alternative in arid and semi-arid climates.They limit competition for water and nutrients with crops to a reduced area compared to other best management practices,such as cover crops.This study presents a review of trapping efficiency of sediment,runoff,and nutrients(P and N)by vegetative barriers in regions of humid and arid,and semi-arid,climates,and a strategy based on sediment trapping efficiency probability,which in turn is based on the results obtained from our review.Different types of independent variables were grouped and identified for the review:related to the vegetative barrier dimension(buffer width,slope of the plot,and buffer area ratio),and related to the experimental conditions(type of vegetation in the buffer,soil protection of the non-buffered area,type of climate,type of experimental measurement and origin of rainfall).An explor-atory analysis evaluated the significance of the experimental variables,which identified the need to focus on experiments under natural rainfall since those carried out with simulated rainfall presented statis-tically significant differences.In general,average trapping efficiencies for runoff and sediment were 40.1 and 62.6％,respectively.For nutrients,values of trapping efficiencies had an average of 44.9％for phosphorus and 38.4％for nitrogen.Runoff and sediment trapping efficiency in arid and semi-arid re-gions tended to be higher than in humid regions.Regarding dimensional variables,a positive trend was observed in the runoff and sediment trapping efficiency with the width of the vegetative barrier,with a large variability across all the width range.Finally,based on the results of our review,we developed a probabilistic model for sediment trapping efficiency as a normalised cumulative probability distribution function for the two climatic regions separately.Also,we developed it as a function of the width of the vegetative barrier for each climatic region,to facilitate decision-making.This model shows that in 92％of the cases,a vegetative barrier will reduce erosion in humid climates,while this trapping efficiency will be 100％in semi-arid and arid conditions.This analysis showed that vegetative barriers are an alternative to other best management practices,e.g.cover crops,when there are operational or agronomic impedi-ments to their implementation,having a high success rate in reducing erosion in any agricultural area.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据