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建筑模拟（英文版）
建筑模拟（英文版）

双月刊

1996-3599

建筑模拟（英文版）/Journal Building SimulationCSCD北大核心EISCI
正式出版
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    Improvements in energy saving and thermal comfort for electric vehicles in summer through coupled electrochromic and radiative cooling smart windows

    Zhoujie DuanShuangdui WuHongli SunBorong Lin...
    1231-1251页
    查看更多>>摘要：In hot climates,the large amount of cooling load in electric vehicle(EV)results in a lot of battery energy consumption,leading the decrease of driving range.With the widespread application of windows in EV,the electrochromic glass(EC)shows great prospect in lowering the cooling load.However,researches on the application of EC in EV lack the consideration of both passive cooling measures and passenger comfort,which limits the further application of EC.In this paper,we proposed an idea combining the novel techniques of both electrochromism and radiative cooling.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)is modeled to simulate the application of electrochromic and radiative cooling coupled smart windows in hot parking conditions,exploring the improvement effect of the window on the thermal environment,comfort and energy saving of the EV.The results indicate that,under the intense sunlight with an outdoor temperature of 33 ℃,activating the air conditioning to maintain an average interior temperature of 26 ℃,the coupled windows reduced the cooling capacity of the air conditioning by 762 W compared to regular windows,which can further increase the range of EV.Meanwhile,compared to simple electrochromic fully colored glass,the integration of radiative cooling technology can lower the window surface temperature by up to 10.7 ℃.Moreover,compared to regular windows,the coupled windows lowered the standard effective temperature(SET*)for passengers by approximately 7 ℃,significantly improving comfort.These research findings are expected to provide guidance for optimizing window design and enhancing the performance of EV.
      原文链接:
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    Does back cooling improve human thermal comfort in warm environments?A device for heat conduction by the semiconductor Peltier effect

    Mengyuan HeHong LiuLianggen ShaoBaizhan Li...
    1253-1271页
    查看更多>>摘要：The hot environment and the metabolic heat of commuting in summer caused individual overheating and intense thermal discomfort.Local cooling presents huge potential for optimizing thermal comfort.This study investigates the performance of a back cooling device,based on the semiconductor Peltier effect,in improving thermal comfort after summer commuting.We studied one case without cooling,and three cases with surface temperatures of the cooling device of 29,27,and 25 ℃ using a simulated summer commute at a moderate activity level.The results showed that thermal sensation,perceived sweating rate,and skin temperature decreased markedly in the cooling cases compared to the non-cooling case,with the changes being most notable in the lower back,in contact with the cooling device.The decrease in overall thermal sensation and mean skin temperature was approximately 0.52 score and 0.31 ℃ on average,respectively,with a 1.71 score increase in overall thermal comfort.We contend that the surface temperature of local contact cooling devices should not be lower than 22 ℃ to minimize local overcooling.Back cooling devices present a huge potential for building energy-savings at ambient air temperature exceeding 30 ℃.Moreover,the functional paradigms for individual comfort predict improved comfort performance in future applications.This study contributes to the understanding on the well-being and physiological recovery of individuals after a summer commuting.
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    • NETL
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    Generic load regulation strategy for enhancing energy efficiency of chiller plants

    Hang WanYuyang GongShengwei WangYongjun Sun...
    1273-1287页
    查看更多>>摘要：In many chiller plants,high coefficient of performance(COP)is only achieved at a few favorable part load ratios(PLRs),while the COP is low at many other non-favorable PLRs.To address this issue,this study proposes a generic load regulation strategy that aims to maintain chiller plants operating at high COP,particularly under non-favorable PLRs.This is achieved by incorporating thermal energy storage(TES)units and timely optimizing the charging and discharging power of the integrated TES units.The optimal charging and discharging power is determined by solving a dynamic optimization problem,taking into account the performance constraints of the TES units and the chiller plants.To provide an overview of the energy-saving potential of the proposed strategy,a comprehensive analysis was conducted,considering factors such as building load profiles,COP/PLR curves of chillers,and attributes of the TES units.The analysis revealed that the proposed load regulation strategy has the potential to achieve energy savings ranging from 5.7％to 10.8％for chiller plants with poor COPs under unfavorable PLRs,particularly in buildings with significant load variations.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Model-based investigation on building thermal mass utilization and flexibility enhancement of air conditioning loads

    Yue SunTianyi ZhaoShan Lyu
    1289-1308页
    查看更多>>摘要：Building air conditioning systems(ACs)can contribute to the stable operation of power grids by participating in peak load shaving programs,but the participants need a fast and accurate zone temperature prediction model,e.g.,the detailed room thermal-resistance(RC)model,to improve peak shaving effect and avoid obvious thermal discomfort.However,when applying the detailed room RC model to multi-zone buildings,conventional studies mostly consider the heat transfer among neighboring rooms,which contributes little to the prediction accuracy improvement,but leads to complicated model structure and heavy computation.Thus,a distributed RC model is developed for multi-zone buildings in this study.Compared to conventional models,the proposed model considers the total heat transfer between the building and the air,and ignores the heat transfer among indoor air in neighboring rooms through internal walls with heavy thermal mass,thereby having comparable temperature prediction accuracy,simpler structure,and stronger robustness.Based on the model,the effectiveness of passive pre-cooling strategies in reducing the air conditioning loads during peak periods is investigated.Results indicate that the thermal insulation performance of opaque building envelope is quite important to the flexibility enhancement of air conditioning loads.With an uninsulated building envelope,passive pre-cooling is useless for the peak load shaving.In comparison,well insulated opaque building envelope enables the building thermal mass to be utilized through passive pre-cooling,which leads to the air conditioning loads during peak periods being further reduced by about 12％.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Fast flow simulation study of pulsating ventilation performance on air contaminant removal

    Pengzhi ZhouHaidong WangYuwei DaiChen Huang...
    1309-1322页
    查看更多>>摘要：Fast flow simulation is imperative in the design of pulsating ventilation,which is potentially efficient in indoor air contaminant removal.The execution of the conventional CFD method requires considerable amount of computational resources.In this study,five different numerical schemes were proposed based on fast fluid dynamics(FFD)and fractional step(FS)methods,and were evaluated to achieve quick simulation of airflow/contaminant dispersion.One of these numerical schemes was identified with the best overall computing efficiency for investigating the performance of pulsating ventilation.With this numerical scheme at hand,the air contaminant removal effectiveness of different ventilation types was evaluated.Two kinds of pulsating ventilation and one kind of steady ventilation were tested upon a benchmark isothermal mixing chamber.The effect of adjusting supply velocity parameters on the ventilation performance was also investigated.CO2 concentration,airflow pattern,and vortex structure of different ventilation types were illustrated and analyzed.The results reveal that the FS method is more suitable for transient simulation of wall-bounded indoor airflow than the FFD method,and 34％-51％of computing time could be saved compared to the conventional CFD method.Regarding the choice of ventilation type,steady ventilation might result in short-circuit airflow and stagnant zones;alternatively,pulsating ventilation has greater potential in air contaminant removal due to its ever-changing vortex structure.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Quantifying the contribution of activity patterns to PM2.5 exposure inequity between urban and rural residents by a novel method

    Wei DuZhanpeng CuiJinze WangYuqiong Wang...
    1323-1333页
    查看更多>>摘要：PM2.5 pollution variations in different microenvironments would result in PM2.5 exposure inequity between rural and urban residents.In this study,the real-time PM2.5 exposure of urban and rural residents in China was examined based on portable PM2.5 sensors together with activity patterns derived from questionnaire surveys,with a focus on students and senior citizens who are sensitive to air pollution.The results showed that PM2.5 exposure varied significantly among different resident groups,with higher PM2.5 exposure of rural residents than those of urban residents.PM2.5 exposure peaks mostly occurred during(Accompanied)cooking activities owing to strong emissions.Sleeping and resting were the main activities that affected PM2.5 exposures of different resident groups,accounting for 60.7％-94.5％of total daily exposures.Furthermore,the long duration of sleeping makes it the predominant activity contributing to PM 25 exposure inequity.It is necessary to obtain point-to-point respiratory volume(respiratory rate)data when measuring real-time PM2.5 exposure data and incorporate respiratory volume(respiratory rate)into the analysis of PM2.5 exposure.For the first time,this study quantified the PM2.5 exposure inequality based on a novel method and can provide useful information for further studies on the exposure inequity.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Energy consumption simulations of rural residential buildings considering differences in energy use behavior among family members

    Xi LuoLina Du
    1335-1358页
    查看更多>>摘要：The"average occupant"methodology is widely used in energy consumption simulations of residential buildings;however,it fails to consider the differences in energy use behavior among family members.Based on a field survey on the Central Shaanxi Plain,to identify the energy use behavior patterns of typical families,a stochastic energy use behavior model considering differences in energy use behavior among family members was proposed,to improve the accuracy of energy consumption simulations of residential buildings.The results indicated that the surveyed rural families could be classified into the following four types depending on specific energy use behavior patterns:families of one elderly couple,families of one middle-aged couple,families of one elderly couple and one child,and families of one couple and one child.Moreover,on typical summer days,the results of daily building energy consumption simulation obtained by the"average occupant"methodology were 25.39％and 28％lower than the simulation results obtained by the model proposed in this study for families of one elderly couple and families of one middle-aged couple,and 13.05％and 23.05％higher for families of one elderly couple and one child,and families of one couple and one child.On typical winter days,for the four types of families,the results of daily building energy consumption simulation obtained by the"average occupant"methodology were 21.69％,10.84％,1.21％,and 8.39％lower than the simulation results obtained by the model proposed in this study,respectively.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
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    Effect of solar radiation on human thermal sensation and physiological parameters in a convection-radiation air conditioning environment

    Guanyu LiDong LiuAnjie HuQidong Yan...
    1359-1377页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study focused on the effect of glass structures of modern architecture on the indoor thermal environment during summer.In particular,this study examined how solar radiation significantly altered people's thermal sensations.Laboratory tests on convection-radiation air conditioning systems were conducted,encompassing 12 different scenarios,including diverse indoor open areas,terminal forms,and levels of solar radiation.These tests aimed to explore the physiological and psychological responses of the human body to solar radiation penetrating through windows into the inner room.During the experiments,the participants'subjective thermal sensations and thermal comfort were recorded,along with continuous monitoring of their physiological and environmental parameters.Results showed that solar radiation significantly increased local skin temperature,with a maximum rise of 2.15 ℃.Operative temperature is a reliable indicator of human skin temperature and thermal sensation vote(TSV).This study established two models that could predict the skin temperature of individuals indoors through operative temperature under conditions without or with solar radiation,and identified sensitive ranges of operative temperature for both models,to be specific,26.32 ℃ to 28.43 ℃ and 28.51 ℃ to 34.11 ℃,respectively.Furthermore,this study established the relationship between skin temperature and TSV under conditions with and without solar radiation.The results indicate that solar radiation enhances the human body's adaptability to indoor environmental parameters;a convection-radiation system(FC+RF)could be used to optimize indoor thermal control under solar radiation,achieving more stable environmental temperatures and improved indoor comfort.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
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    Assessing the impact of heat mitigation measures on thermal performance and energy demand at the community level:A pathway toward designing net-zero energy communities

    Khan Rahmat UllahVeljko ProdanovicGloria PignattaAna Deletic...
    1379-1400页
    查看更多>>摘要：In the context of escalating global energy demands,urban areas,specifically the building sector,contribute to the largest energy consumption,with urban overheating exacerbating this issue.Utilizing urban modelling for heat-mitigation and reduction of energy demand is crucial steps towards a sustainable built-environment,complementing onsite energy generation in the design and development of Net-zero Energy(NZE)Settlement,especially in the context of Australian weather conditions.Addressing a significant gap in existing literature,this study offers empirical analysis on the climate and energy efficacy of integrated heat mitigation strategies applied in 14 neighbourhood typologies located in Sydney,Australia.Examining the application of cool materials on roads,pavements,and rooftops,alongside urban vegetation enhancement,the analysis demonstrates scenario effectiveness on heat mitigation that leads to reduce ambient temperature and energy demands along with CO2 emissions within the neighbourhoods.Considering building arrangement,built-area ratio,building height,and locations,ENVI-met and CitySim are utilized to assess the heat-mitigation and the energy demand of neighbourhoods,respectively.Results indicate that mitigation measures can lead up to a 2.71 ℃ reduction in ambient temperature and over 25％reduction in Cooling Degree Hours,with a 34.34％reduction in cooling energy demand and overall energy savings of up to 12.49％.In addition,the annual energy-saving yields a CO2 reduction of approximately 141.12 tonnes,where additional vegetation further amplifies these reductions by enhancing CO2 absorption.This study showcases the pathway towards achieving NZE goals in climates similar to that of Australia,highlighting significant benefits in heat-mitigation,environmental impact,and energy-savings.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据

    Application-driven development of a thermal imaging-based cabin occupant thermal sensation assessment model and its validation

    Junmeng LyuYuxin YangYongxiang ShiZhiwei Lian...
    1401-1417页
    查看更多>>摘要：The air conditioning(A/C)of cabins allows for customized control,but manual adjustments may distract drivers,as well as result in energy inefficiency.Several existing thermal sensation models require complex inputs,which are challenging to gather whilst driving.To address this issue,this study developed a non-contact thermal sensation model for cabin occupants based on thermal imaging sensor.To collect actual data used for modeling,an outdoor subject experiment was conducted.In this study,initial training was conducted to compare the performance of six algorithms in building the model,with random forests algorithm showing the best performance.Besides,this study employed the recursive feature elimination(RFE)method with cross-validation algorithm for identifying the key features.In the end,the model was retrained using the selected features.The model that incorporated both environmental parameters and facial-temperature features demonstrated the best performance,with an R2 of 0.659 on the test set.Eliminating the hard-to-measure windshield surface temperature resulted in a slight reduction in accuracy,yielding an R2 of 0.651.To verify the generalizability of the model,this study further conducted independent validation experiments.The selected model,which exhibited a mean absolute error(MAE)of less than 0.4 in thermal sensation units,was proven to be highly applicable.The results can offer new solutions for automatic control of cabin A/C.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • 万方数据