查看更多>>摘要：Aging,subjected to scientific scrutiny,is extensively defined as a time-dependent decline in functions that involves the majority of organisms.The time-dependent accretion of cellular lesions is generally a universal trigger of aging,while mitochondrial dysfunction is a sign of aging.Dysfunctional mitochondria are identified and removed by mitophagy,a selective form of macroautophagy.Increased mitochondrial damage resulting from reduced biogenesis and clearance may promote the aging process.The primary purpose of this paper is to illustrate in detail the effects of mitophagy on aging and emphasize the associations between mitophagy and other signs of aging,including dietary restriction,telomere shortening,epigenetic alterations,and protein imbalance.The evidence regarding the effects of these elements on aging is still limited.And although the understanding of relationship between mitophagy and aging has been long-awaited,to analyze details of such a relationship remains the main challenge in aging studies.
查看更多>>摘要：Alzheimer's disease(AD)is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive defects.The role of the central immune system dominated by microglia in the progression of AD has been extensively investigated.However,little is known about the peripheral immune system in AD pathogenesis.Recently,with the discovery of the meningeal lymphatic vessels and glymphatic system,the roles of the acquired immunity in the maintenance of central homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases have attracted an increasing attention.The T cells not only regulate the function of neurons,astrocytes,microglia,oligodendrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells,but also participate in the clearance of β-amyloid(Aβ)plaques.Apart from producing antibodies to bind Aβ peptides,the B cells affect Aβ-related cascades via a variety of antibody-independent mechanisms.This review systemically summarizes the recent progress in understanding pathophysiological roles of the T cells and B cells in AD.
查看更多>>摘要：Alzheimer's disease(AD)is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder.The major pathological changes in AD progression are the generation and accumulation of amyloid-beta(Aβ)peptides as well as the presence of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in the brain.Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that eliminates abnormal protein aggregates and damaged organelles.Previous studies have suggested that autophagy plays a key role in the production and clearance of Aβ peptides to maintain a steady-state of Aβ peptides levels.However,a growing body of evidence suggests that autophagy is significantly impaired in the pathogenesis of AD,especially in Aβ metabolism.Therefore,this article reviews the latest studies concerning the mechanisms of autophagy,the metabolism of Aβ peptides,and the defective autophagy in the production and clearance of Aβpeptides.Here,we also summarize the established and new strategies for targeting autophagy in vivo and through clinical AD trials to identify gaps in our knowledge and to generate further questions.
查看更多>>摘要：Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)is an essentially incurable brain tumor,which has been explored for approximately a century.Nowadays,surgical resection,chemotherapy,and radiation therapy are still the standardized therapeutic options.However,due to the intrinsic invasion and metastasis features and the resistance to chemotherapy,the survival rate of glioblastoma patients remains unsatisfactory.To improve the current situation,much more research is needed to provide comprehensive knowledge of GBM.In this review,we summarize the latest updates on GBM treatment and invasion.Firstly,we review the traditional and emerging therapies that have been used for GBM treatment.Given the limited efficiency of these therapies,we further discuss the role of invasion in GBM recurrence and progression,and present current research progress on the mode and mechanisms of GBM invasion.
查看更多>>摘要：Lupus nephritis(LN)has a high incidence in systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)patients,but there is a lack of sensitive predictive markers.The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between the CD4+CD8+double positive T(DPT)lymphocytes and LN.The study included patients with SLE without renal impairment(SLE-NRI),LN,nephritic syndrome(NS),or nephritis.Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry.Biochemical measurements were performed with peripheral blood in accordance with the recommendations proposed by the National Center for Clinical Laboratories.The proportions of DPT cells in the LN group were significantly higher than that in the SLE-NRI group(t=4.012,P＜0.001),NS group(t=3.240,P=0.001),and nephritis group(t=2.57,P=0.011).In the LN group,the risk of renal impairment increased significantly in a DPT cells proportion-dependent manner.The risk of LN was 5.136 times(95％confidence interval,2.115-12.473)higher in cases with a high proportion of DPT cells than those whose proportion of DPT cells within the normal range.These findings indicated that the proportion of DPT cells could be a potential marker to evaluate LN susceptibility,and the interference of NS and nephritis could be effectively excluded when assessing the risk of renal impairment during SLE with DPT cell proportion.
查看更多>>摘要：Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is known as a progressive paralysis disorder characterized by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons,and has an average survival time of three to five years.Growing evidence has suggested a bidirectional link between gut microbiota and neurodegeneration.Here we aimed to report one female case with ALS,who benefited from washed microbiota transplantation(WMT),an improved fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT),through a transendoscopic enteral tube during a 12-month follow-up.Notedly,the accidental scalp trauma the patient suffered later was treated with prescribed antibiotics that caused ALS deterioration.The subsequent rescue WMTs successfully stopped the progression of the disease with a quick improvement.The plateaus and reversals occurred during the whole course of WMT.The stool and blood samples from the first WMT to the last were collected for dynamic microbial and metabolomic analysis.We observed the microbial and metabolomic changing trend consistent with the disease status.This case report for the first time shows the direct clinical evidence on using WMT for treating ALS,indicating that WMT may be the novel treatment strategy for controlling this so-called incurable disease.
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