查看更多>>摘要：Over the past decade,perovskite photovoltaics have approached other currently available technologies and proven to be the most prospective type of solar cells.Although the many-sided research in this very active field has generated consistent results with regard to their undisputed consistently increasing power conversion efficiency,it also produced several rather contradictory opinions.Among other important details,debate surrounding their proneness to surface degradation and poor mechanical robustness,as well as the environmental footprint of this materials class,remains a moot point.The application of ionic liquids appears as one of the potential remedies to some of these challenges due to their high conductivity,the opportunities for chemical"tuning"of the structure,and relatively lower environmental footprint.This article provides an overview,classification,and applications of ionic liquids in perovskite solar cells.We summarize the use and role of ionic liquids as versatile additives,solvents,and modifiers in perovskite precursor solution,in charge transport layer,and in interfacial and stability engineering.Finally,challenges and the future prospects for the design and/or selection of ionic liquids with a specific profile that meets the requirements for next-generation highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells are proposed.
查看更多>>摘要：Electrochemical water splitting represents one of the most promising technologies to produce green hydrogen,which can help to realize the goal of achieving carbon neutrality.While substantial efforts on a laboratory scale have been made for understanding fundamental catalysis and developing high-performance electrocatalysts for the two half-reactions involved in water electrocatalysis,much less attention has been paid to doing relevant research on a larger scale.For example,few such researches have been done on an industrial scale.Herein,we review the very recent endeavors to bridge the gaps between fundamental research and industrial applications for water electrolysis.We begin by introducing the fundamentals of electrochemical water splitting and then present comparisons of testing protocol,figure of merit,catalyst of interest,and manufacturing cost for laboratory and industry-based water-electrolysis research.Special attention is paid to tracking the surface reconstruction process and identifying real catalytic species under different testing conditions,which highlight the significant distinctions of corresponding electrochemical reconstruction mechanisms.Advances in catalyst designs for industry-relevant water electrolysis are also summarized,which reveal the progress of moving the practical applications forward and accelerating synergies between material science and engineering.Perspectives and challenges of electrocatalyst design strategies are proposed finally to further bridge the gaps between lab-scale research and large-scale electrocatalysis applications.
查看更多>>摘要：Alkaline water electrolysis provides a promising route for"green hydrogen"generation,where anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)plays a crucial role in coupling with cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction.To date,the development of highly active and durable OER catalysts based on earth-abundant elements has drawn wide attention;nevertheless,their performance under high current densities(HCDs ≥1000 mA cm-2)has been less emphasized.This situation has seriously impeded large-scale electrolysis industrialization.In this review,in order to provide a guideline for designing high-performance OER electrocatalysts,the effects of HCD on catalytic performance involving electron transfer,mass transfer,and physical/chemical stability are summarized.Furthermore,the design principles were pointed out for obtaining efficient and robust OER electrocatalysts in light of recent progress of OER electrocatalysts working above 1000 mA cm-2.These include the aspects of developing self-supported catalytic electrodes,enhancing intrinsic activity,enhancing the catalyst-support interaction,engineering surface wettability,and introducing protective layer.Finally,summaries and outlooks in achieving OER at industrially relevant HCDs are proposed.
查看更多>>摘要：It is of great significance to develop clean and new energy sources with high-efficient energy storage technologies,due to the excessive use of fossil energy that has caused severe environmental damage.There is great interest in exploring advanced rechargeable lithium batteries with desirable energy and power capabilities for applications in portable electronics,smart grids,and electric vehicles.In practice,high-capacity and low-cost electrode materials play an important role in sustaining the progresses in lithium-ion batteries.This review aims at giving an account of recent advances on the emerging high-capacity electrode materials and summarizing key barriers and corresponding strategies for the practical viability of these electrode materials.Effective approaches to enhance energy density of lithium-ion batteries are to increase the capacity of electrode materials and the output operation voltage.On account of major bottlenecks of the power lithium-ion battery,authors come up with the concept of integrated battery systems,which will be a promising future for high-energy lithium-ion batteries to improve energy density and alleviate anxiety of electric vehicles.
查看更多>>摘要：Flexibility and multifunctionality are now becoming inevitable worldwide tendencies for electronic devices to meet modern life's convenience,efficiency,and quality demand.To that end,developing flexible and wearable energy storage devices is a must.Recently,aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)and zinc-ion capacitors(ZICs)stand out as two of the most potent candidates for wearable electronics due to their excellent electrochemical performance,intrinsic safety,low cost,and functional controllability.Simultaneously,polymer electrolytes'introduction and rational design,especially various hydrogels,have endowed conventional ZIBs and ZICs with colorful functions,which has been regarded as a perfect answer for energy suppliers integrated into those advanced wearable electronic devices.This review focuses on the functional hydrogel electrolytes(HEs)and their application for ZIBs and ZICs.Previously reported HEs for ZIBs and ZICs were classified and analyzed,from the flexibility to mechanical endurance,temperature adaptability,electrochemical stability,and finally cell-level ZIBs and ZICs based on multifunctional HEs.Besides introducing the diverse and exciting functions of HEs,working principles were also analyzed.Ultimately,all the details of these examples were summarized,and the related challenges,constructive solutions,and futural prospects of functional ZIBs and ZICs were also dedicatedly evaluated.
查看更多>>摘要：The urgent demand for high-energy-density storage systems evokes the research upsurge on the alkali metal batteries with high theoretical capacities.However,the utilization of alkali metal anodes,including Li,Na,and K,is significantly hindered by notorious dendrite growth,undesirable corrosion,and unstable solid electrolyte interface.In order to resolve these issues,the carbon materials for the rational design of current collector/host that can regulate the plating/stripping behavior of alkali metal have been exploited.These carbon-based current collectors/hosts are featured with many pivotal advantages,including mechanical integrity to accommodate the volume change,superior electronic/ionic conductivity,large available surface area,and rich functionalization chemistries to increase the affinity to alkali metal.In this review,the recent progress on various dimensional carbon-based current collectors/hosts with different chemical components in stabilizing the alkali metal anodes through the regulation of initial deposition and subsequent growth behavior during plating/stripping process is provided.The nanostructured carbon scaffolds with self-affinity to alkali metals,as well as the carbon frameworks with internal/external affinitive sites to alkali metals,catalogued by various dimensions,are discussed in this review.Therefore,these appealing strategies based on the carbon-based current collectors/hosts can provide a paradigm for the realization of high-energy-density alkali metal batteries.
查看更多>>摘要：Separators or electrolyte membranes are recognized as the key components to guarantee ion transport in rechargeable batteries.However,the ever-growing applications of the battery systems for diverse working environments bring new challenges,which require advanced battery membranes with high thermal stability,excellent mechanical strength,high voltage tolerance,etc.Therefore,it is highly desirable to design novel methods/concepts to solve the current challenges for battery membranes through understanding the mechanism of novel phenomena and electrochemical reactions in battery systems working under unconventional conditions.Recently,the new emerging Janus separators or electrolyte membranes with two or more distinct chemical/physical properties arising from their asymmetric structure and composition,are promising to address the above challenges via rational design of their targeted functionalities.To this end,in this review,we first briefly cover the current challenges of the traditional battery membrane for battery devices working in unconventional conditions.Then,the state-of-art developments of the rational design of Janus membranes to overcome the above challenges for diverse battery applications are summarized.Finally,we outline these latest developments,challenges,and future potential directions of the Janus membrane.Our review is aimed to provide basic guidance for developing functional separators or electrolyte membranes for advanced batteries.
查看更多>>摘要：Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have attracted increased interest because of the high theoretical energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.Conducting polymers(CPs),as one of the most promising materials used in Li-S batteries,can not only facilitate electron transfer and buffer the large volumetric change of sulfur benefiting from their porous structure and excellent flexibility,but also enable stronger physical/chemical adsorption capacity toward polysulfides(LiPSs)when doped with abundant heteroatoms to promote the sulfur redox kinetics and achieve the high sulfur loading.This review firstly introduces the properties of various CPs including structural CPs(polypyrrole(PPy),polyaniline(PANi),polyethylene dioxothiophene[PEDOT])and compound CPs(polyethylene oxide(PEO),polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and poly(acrylic acid)[PAA]),and their application potential in Li-S batteries.Furthermore,the research progress of various CPs in different components(cathode,separator,and interlayer)of Li-S batteries is systematically summarized.Finally,the application perspective of the CPs in Li-S batteries as a potential guidance is comprehensively discussed.
查看更多>>摘要：Spatial control of lithium deposition is the most important issue in lithium-metal batteries because of the considerable control of lithium dendrite suppression via the uniform distribution of Li+flux.Although seed materials are crucial for the behavior of lithium deposition,in-depth studies on their physical and chemical control have not been conducted.Here,we describe a new design of seed structure comprising a wrinkled Cu/graphene substrate surrounded by copper(Ⅰ)oxide(Cu2O)on a graphene grain boundary over a large area,which is fabricated by the oxidation of the Cu surface via graphene boundary defects by using chemical vapor deposition(CVD).Scanning and transmission electron microscopy results reveal that Cu2O on the graphene boundary can render a preferential reaction with lithium during the first deposition and assist in the uniform deposition of lithium by preventing the agglomeration of lithium clusters during the second deposition.This two-step process is attributed to the degree of selectivity due to the difference in lithium affinity,which allows long-term electrochemical stability and a high rate capability via boundary effects.This study highlights the significance of the boundary effect,which can open new avenues for the formation of a large family of seed structures in lithium-metal batteries.
查看更多>>摘要：The low separation efficiency of the photogenerated carrier and the poor activity of the surface redox reaction are the main barrier to further improvement of photocatalytic materials.To address these issues,introducing spin-polarized electrons in single-component photocatalytic materials emerged as a promising approach.However,the decreased redox ability of photocarriers in these materials becomes a new challenge.Herein,we mitigate this challenge with a carbon nitride sheet(CNs)/graphene nanoribbon(GNR)composite material that has a van der Waals heterostructures(vdWHs)and spin-polarized electron properties.Experimental results and theoretical calculations show that the heterostructure has a strong redox ability,high carrier-separation efficiency,and enhanced surface catalytic reaction.Consequently,the mixed-dimensional CNs/GNR vdWHs exhibit remarkable performance for H2 and O2 generation as well as CO2 production under visible-light irradiation without any cocatalyst.The spin-polarized vdWHs discovered in this study revealed a new type of photocatalytic materials and advanced the development of spintronics and photocatalysis.
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