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石油研究（英文）
石油研究（英文）

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石油研究（英文）/Journal Petroleum Research
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    Voids size distribution in gelled waxy crude oil under dynamic and static cooling

    Girma T.ChalaShaharin A.Sulaiman
    109-114页
    查看更多>>摘要：Waxy crude oil is known for its high wax contents that can potentially result in gelling following suf-ficient cooling of the transportation line in the subsea bed at offshore fields.The gelling over the entire lines requires an accurately predicted restart pressure to restart the clogged and idle system.However,the common way of predicting the restart pressure has been reported to result in over-designed and predicted piping parameters.Recent research findings evidenced the formation of voids which would reduce the restart pressure significantly.The study conducted in this paper is aimed at investigating the voids size distribution in gelled crude oil across and along transportation pipelines.Sets of experiments simulating crude oil transportation during both static and dynamic cooling were conducted.The gelled crude oil below the pour point temperature was then scanned using a Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)system to detect the voids formed.The resulting voids at each scanning cross-section were quantified,and their distributions were investigated.It was observed that dynamic cooling had minimal impacts on the voids size difference along the pipeline with the difference in voids areas within 10 mm2 to be twice and uniform for the entire flow rates tested.However,voids size in statically cooled waxy crude oil was found to be highly distributed with a maximum of 6 voids size distribution in 10 mm2 ranges.The low-end temperature had the highest size difference while the difference was decreasing with higher end temperatures.This study shows that the voids amount in dynamically cooled waxy crude oil could also be estimated with lower numbers of cross-sectional voids areas.However,the higher cross-sectional voids detection is recommended while estimating voids in statically cooled waxy crude oil.
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    Optimization of gas lift system for well performance improvement in Asmari formation:A techno-economic perspective

    Hari SreenivasanJash PatelDev JainSetu Patel...
    115-124页
    查看更多>>摘要：Well productivity in the Asmari carbonate formation of southwest Iran has decreased in recent years as a result of production issues.The production rate must be maintained below 1500 STB/day to prevent water coning.In this study,a gas lift well is modeled using data from one of the producing wells of this field.Nodal analysis is performed using lift-gas injection rates and wellhead pressures at different reservoir pressures and water cut conditions to optimize production.Economic aspects are considered to optimize the artificial gas injection rates at different tubing head pressures and water cut conditions.Increasing the lift-gas injection rate from 0.4 MMscf/day to 1 MMscf/day enhances the oil production rate by 37.71％and 43.89％for 10％and 30％water cut conditions,respectively.Gas injection rates of 5.2 MMscf/day and 5.4 MMscf/day are determined to be economically optimal for 30％water cut with tubing head pressures of 260 psig and 270 psig,respectively.
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    Modeling environmental sensitivity and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments along two marine coastal areas in Egypt

    Muhammad A.El-Alfy
    125-142页
    查看更多>>摘要：Modeling the environmental sensitivity index(ESI)is vital in the planning and management processes,especially along the coastal areas.The main objectives of the study were to define the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),establish an ESI model,and measure the risk of PAHs on humans and the environment using various equations.The methodology of the research involved analyzing PAHs according to the EPA 550 methodology in sediments of the coastline in two important coastline areas in Egypt,namely the Gulf of Suez and the Mediterranean Sea,modeling the sensitivity of PAHs using ArcGIS 10.5 by integrating different physical,biological,and land use/cover factors,identi-fying the sources,and performing a risk assessment.Nine sediment samples were collected from each area.The produced sensitivity map could explain the highly sensitive areas along the Mediterranean Sea and Gulf of Suez coastlines(especially areas that were near drains'outlets,industrial sites,and sea ports).The highest mean PAH concentrations were Acenaphthylene and Fluorine in the Mediterranean Sea and Suez Gulf,respectively.It's obvious that the individual PAH concentrations were within the ERL,ERM,and PEL threshold limits,indicating no adverse biological impacts.The ratios of BaA/BaA+Chy,Flu/Flu+Py,and Ant/Ant+Phe gave an indication that most PAH sources were petrogenic(63.64％)and others(36.36％)were from petroleum combustion.The principle component analysis(PCA)indicated a diverse correlation among the isomer ratios and LU/LC activities.The carcinogenic risk values were in the very low category(＜10-6)for both children and adults.The most significant contributors to carcino-genicity were IP and BkFlu in the Mediterranean Sea and Suez Gulf,respectively.Increasing sources of carbon in seawater,especially with climatic change,may impact the aquatic environment and have impacts on organisms and coral reefs.So it is highly recommended to keep shorelines and seawater free of oil spillage activities along the coastal areas or take actions towards this.
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    Microfiltration,ultrafiltration and nanofiltration as a post-treatment of biological treatment process with references to oil field produced water of Moran oilfield of Assam

    Amarjit RajbongshiSubrata Borgohain Gogoi
    143-154页
    查看更多>>摘要：The selection of an apt technology for the treatment of Oilfield Produced Water(OFPW)depends mainly on the quality of OFPW and methods of pre-and post-treatment processes.The most challenging part of the OFPW treatment process is the removal of Suspended Solid(SS),Oil & Grease(O&G)and dissolved organics.SS and O&G pose an acute problem to the membrane filtration system by fouling the membrane surface which increases operation & maintenance costs and decreases the life of the membrane.Fouling of the membrane surface is mainly attributed to the presence of low molecular weight aromatic com-pounds and naphthenic acids in the suspended and dissolved organic compounds.Thus,the removal of these suspended and dissolved organic compounds before membrane filtration proffers a challenge to the researchers.In this research,bioremediation process has been applied to remove the organic com-pounds and the performance and fouling behaviour of hollow fibre Microfiltration(MF),Ultrafiltration(UF)and Nanofiltration(NF)membranes after the bioremediation process has been analyzed in detail.The level of toxicity was determined by comparing the pollutants with the safe discharge limit for disposal into the environment set by Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB),India.The research presents its novelty by using a hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria,Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the Reduction of Organic Loads(ROL)from OFPW of Moran oil field of Upper Assam as a pre-treatment to membrane filtration.The Total Sum Corrected Area(TSCA)method through chromatographic analyses was used for this.The organic loads removal from OFPW by the TSCA method was found to be 67-100％,100％and 100％after 7,14 and 21 days of bioremediation respectively.The major parameters in feed OFPW of Moran oil field were found to be pH(7.5-9.3),Total Dissolved Solid(TDS)(1.79-4.75)ppt,O&G(1.78-2.8)ppt,Salinity(2.94-6.98)ppt,Chloride(Cl-)(1.6-3.86)ppt,Bicarbonate(HCO3)(2.89-4.03)ppt.It was observed that the ranges of pollutants removal by NF was highest such as TDS(26-86％),salinity(81-86％),turbidity(78-94％),hardness(67-75％),O&G(96-99％),Cl-(80-89％)and HCO3-(95-97％).
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    Assessment of the ecological state of haplic chernozem contaminated by oil,fuel oil and gasoline after remediation

    Anna RusevaTatiana MinnikovaSergey KolesnikovDmitry Trufanov...
    155-164页
    查看更多>>摘要：The intensive use of petroleum hydrocarbon products has made them priority environmental pollutants.When petroleum hydrocarbons enter the soil,a change in physical,chemical,and biological properties is observed.The natural restoration of oil-contaminated soils is a lengthy process;therefore,remediation is often required.The aim of this study is to assess the change in the ecological state of haplic chemozem soil contaminated with oil,fuel oil,and gasoline after remediation.The indicators of soil biological ac-tivity,such as phytotoxicity(germination,length of shoots and roots),the activity of oxidoreductase enzymes(catalase and dehydrogenases),and the total number of bacteria were studied.The effects of nitroammophoska fertilizer,sodium humate,biochar,and the biofertilizer"Baikal EM-1"on the ecological state of soils contaminated with oil,fuel oil,and gasoline were studied.Pollution with oil,fuel oil,and gasoline decreased the values of all biological indicators.The most sensitive indicator was the length of radish roots in soils polluted with oil,gasoline,and fuel oil after remediation with nitro-ammophoska and Baikal EM-1 addition.The length of roots was the most sensitive indicator when remediation was performed with biochar and sodium humate added to soil contaminated with oil and gasoline,and with contamination of haplic chemozem soil with fuel oil,the total number of bacteria was the most sensitive indicator.The most effective ameliorant to phytotoxicity indicators for oil pollution was a 1 D dose of biochar,for fuel oil it was 1 D biochar and 2 D sodium humate,and for gasoline it was a 2 D dose of biochar and Baikal EM-1.All ameliorants at most of the studied doses increased dehydro-genase activity,but increased catalase activity only in some cases.An increase in the total number of bacteria in oil-contaminated soils was promoted by biochar and nitroammophoska at a dose of 2 D.Nitroammophoska was the most effective in ameliorant in soils contaminated with fuel oil;in soils polluted with gasoline,all doses of ameliorant increased the number of bacteria equally.The stimulating effect of ameliorants on biological activity of oil-contaminated haplic chernozem were in the following sequence:nitroammophoska＞biochar＞sodium humate＞Baikal EM-1.The 2 D biochar dose was most effective.The stimulation of biological indicators by ameliorants when soil was contaminated with fuel oil were in the following sequence:biochar＞Baikal EM-1＞sodium humate＞nitroammophoska.The same sequence of ameliorant stimulation was observed in soil polluted with gasoline.The results of this study can be used to biodiagnose the ecological state of oil-contaminated soils after remediation.
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