期刊,中国科学:地球科学（英文版） 2024年卷11期_国家学术搜索

期刊信息/Journal information

中国科学:地球科学（英文版）

主　　编：周光召

出版周期：月刊

国际刊号：1674-7313

电子邮箱：sales@scichina.org

电　　话：010-64019820

邮政编码：100717

地　　址：北京东黄城根北街16号

中国科学:地球科学（英文版）/Journal Science China(Earth Sciences)CSCDEISCI

查看更多>>《中国科学》是中国科学院主办、中国科学杂志社出版的自然科学专业性学术刊物。《中国科学》任务是反映中国自然科学各学科中的最新科研成果，以促进国内外的学术交流。《中国科学》以论文形式报道中国基础研究和应用研究方面具有创造性的、高水平的和有重要意义的科研成果。在国际学术界，《中国科学》作为代表中国最高水平的学术刊物也受到高度重视。国际上最具有权威的检索刊物SCI，多年来一直收录《中国科学》的论文。1999年《中国科学》夺得国家期刊奖的第一名。

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Present status and prospective on the seismic hazard studies of major seismic gaps in the Sichuan-Yunnan region

Yong ZHENGRumeng GUODechuan LIU

3339-3366页

查看更多>>摘要：Several seismic gaps have been identified along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone and the Longmenshan fault zone in the Sichuan-Yunnan region,including the Daofu-Shimian gap on the Xianshuihe Fault,the Anninghe-Zemuhe gap,parts of the Xiaojiang Fault,and the Dayi gap between the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes.The seismic hazards of the Daofu-Shimian and Dayi gaps have aroused great concern and caused considerable debate.This paper reviews the recent geophysical ob-servations and multidisciplinary studies conducted by domestic and international researchers in these areas,focusing on seis-mogenic structures,seismic activity,fault locking,stress fields,as well as earthquake triggering,and further analyzes the current controversial viewpoints about the seismic hazards in these regions.Based on the comprehensive analysis,we argue that the kinematic status along the Daofu-Shimian segment may vary significantly along the fault strike.Due to limitations in data and models,there is no consensus on the seismogenic potential of this area.Conversely,the Dayi seismic gap presents a high seismic potential.Furthermore,we delve into the scientific problems associated with major seismic gaps in the Sichuan-Yunnan region and make prospects for the strategy of future work.We propose a research framework that combines dense array and distributed acoustic sensing,artificial intelligence and big data technologies,joint inversion of multiple geophysical fields,as well as numerical simulation techniques for comprehensive seismic hazard analysis in seismic gaps.

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Development and preservation mechanism of deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs

Anjiang SHENAnping HUZhanfeng QIAOJianfeng ZHENG...

3367-3385页

查看更多>>摘要：Exploration practice has proved that deep and ultra-deep reservoirs consist of mainly matrix-porous dolomite reservoirs and fractured-vuggy karst reservoirs and still will be very important targets for future exploration,in which large oil and gas fields such as Anyue,Yuanba,Halahatang,Fuman and Shunbei have been discovered.This paper systematically summarizes three theoretical and technical achievements in studying deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs in the past decade.(1)The micro-zone and multi-parameter experiment analysis technology featured by determining the"age,temperature,pressure and fluid properties"of carbonate reservoirs,together with experimental simulation of cross-tectonic-period pore formation and preservation featured by the"multi-stage,continuous,visualized and online detection technology",providing useful tools for studying the pore formation and preservation mechanism of deep and ultra-deep carbonate rocks from the perspective of"forward"and"inversion".(2)Deep and ultra-deep matrix-porous dolostone reservoirs are still controlled by sedimentary facies,among which reef(mound)and/or beach contribute most.The reservoir space is mainly composed of sedimentary primary pores and supergene dissolution pores and fractures,though some of reservoir spaces are formed by burial dissolution and they tend to develop and may locally concentrate following the pre-existing porous zone.In other words,burial dissolution vugs are inherited rather than newly formed.Early dolomite precipitation(or dolomitization)has a high potential to preserve early pores.(3)The development and preservation mechanism of fractured-vuggy karst limestone reservoirs in deep and ultra-deep realm was analyzed.Pene-contemporaneous dissolution and interlayer and buried-hill karstification control the development of early and late supergene fractured-vuggy reservoirs.Strike-slip faults superimposed with supergene karstification lead to the development of"fence-style"faulted karst reservoirs.Dissolution simulation experiments reveal that the development of karst fractured-vuggy reservoirs is facies-controlled in certain degree,mainly developed in packstone.Rock mechanics analysis reveals that the preservation of caves is under the control of lithology,cave size,and the distance to the unconformity,and caves can be well preserved at 10,000 m.The theoretical and technical achievements provide supports for carbonate oil and gas exploration into ten thousand meters deep.

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Understanding the mechanisms and potential pathways of soil carbon sequestration from the biogeochemistry perspective

Xiaojuan FENGGuohua DAITing LIUJuan JIA...

3386-3396页

查看更多>>摘要：Soil carbon sequestration is listed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as one of the key ways to achieve long-term"carbon neutrality"in the context of global warming.Soil carbon sequestration is a complex biogeochemical process that involves plants,microbes,and rock minerals at its core.Yet,its regulation mechanisms and promotion pathways remain unclear.This paper reviews recent progress in the related domestic and international research and provides an overview of the key processes and mechanisms of soil carbon sequestration.The main pathways for enhancing soil carbon sequestration(including plant inputs,mineral protection,microbial transformation,and rock weathering)are summarized.The paper also discusses and synthesizes how advanced biogeochemical methods and technologies may be employed to explore soil carbon sequestration mechanisms and potentials.The overall aim of this review is to improve our understanding of soil carbon sequestration as a nature-based solution to combatting climate change from the biogeochemistry perspective,and to highlight the role of fundamental research in Earth Sciences in helping to achieve China's carbon neutrality goals.

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Multi-spheric interactions driven differential formation and accumulation of hydrocarbon resources in the North Sea Basin

Rixiang ZHUShuichang ZHANGHuajian WANGXiaomei WANG...

3397-3420页

查看更多>>摘要：The North Sea Basin is the most important oil and gas producing area in Europe and the birthplace of many classic petroleum geological theories.From the perspective of multi-spheric interactions in the Earth,this study investigated the rift-foreland-rift evolution process of the North Sea Basin,which was controlled by the deep dynamic driving forces of the continental collision orogeny,mantle plume uplift,and intraplate deformation.The North Sea Basin was found to have drifted northward since the Carboniferous and passed through the low-latitude Hadley and the mid-latitude Ferrel cells.Two sets of main hydrocarbon source rocks have formed,the coals and coal measures of the Upper Carboniferous Westphalian and the marine shale of the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation.We propose that the deep processes,tectonic activity,and trans-gression-climate evolution jointly controlled the types and horizons of the source rocks,reservoirs,and seals in different regions of the North Sea Basin.In the southern North Sea Basin,a Carboniferous-Lower Triassic gas-rich petroleum system was formed,which is characterized by transitional coal measure source rocks,desert aeolian sandstone reservoirs,and evaporite cap rocks.In the northern North Sea Basin,an Upper Triassic-Paleogene oil-rich petroleum system was formed,which is characterized by marine graben-type source rocks,deltaic sandstone and marine limestone reservoirs,and marine tight marl and shale cap rocks.The late tectonic burial and uplift in the North Sea Basin further controlled the processes of oil and gas generation and accumulation,ultimately leading to a differential distribution pattern which is oil rich in the northern part and gas rich in the southern part of the basin.In the future,there is an urgent need to re-examine the mechanisms for the petroleum generation and accumulation in large mature exploration areas(e.g.,super basins such as the North Sea)and low exploration areas(e.g.,the Okhotsk Sea and Arctic regions)from the perspective of multi-spheric interactions in the Earth in order to provide new theoretical support for increasing the identification of oil and gas reserves globally.The development of artificial intelligence in the petroleum industry should focus on the massive amount of exploration and geological data collected in the North Sea Basin.Through digital geological innovation,carbon neutral comprehensive utilization of oil,gas,and associated resources(e.g.,helium and hydrogen)can be achieved,providing a new paradigm for global oil and gas exploration and development.

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Deep structure of the Kumkol basin in the northern Tibetan Plateau and its resource environmental implications

Wenhui LIZhanwu LURui GAOXiaofan DENG...

3421-3435页

查看更多>>摘要：The Kumkol basin is located in the northern Tibetan Plateau and is a closed plateau basin with an average altitude of＞4000 m and an area of nearly 20000 km2.Its boundaries are limited by the Altyn Tagh fault,East Kunlun orogen and Qimantag orogen.Studying the deep structure of the Kumkol basin reveals 2 significant implications:(1)the basin has developed a large thickness of＞7000 m Cenozoic continental sediments,recording the uplift history of the northern Tibetan Plateau,and(2)preliminary work indicates that the basin is likely to have oil and gas prospects.However,owing to the adverse natural conditions of the area and the strong tectonic activity in the Cenozoic,the latter of which was not conducive to hydrocarbon preservation,only regional geological mapping and petroleum exploration route surveys have been carried out,and there is no consensus on strata,structure and tectonic evolution.From 2021 to 2022,a deep seismic reflection profile implemented by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)project was the first high-resolution geophysical survey across the Kumkol basin.This study uses seismic reflection migration profiles,first-arrival wave tomographic imaging and previous research results to analyze the deep structure of the basin.The final merged model contains many features of tectonic and resource significance:(1)The Kumkol basin is～90 km wide from north to south,with a basement depth of＞9000 m.The main component is the Cenozoic continental deposits,which are divided into two major parts:the southern composite basin and the northern faulted basin.Owing to the later compression,the southern composite basin experienced significant deformation,but most parts still preserved their original sedimentary formations.(2)The structural deformation characteristics of the basin reveal a two-stage tectonic evolution process of the northern Tibetan Plateau in the Cenozoic:from the Oligocene to the Pliocene,the main mechanism was vertical differential uplift and subsidence,and after the Pliocene,it transformed to north-south compression and shortened deformation.(3)The strata,formation time,and source-reservoir-cap conditions of the Kumkol basin are similar to those of the Qaidam basin.If a breakthrough can be achieved,it is expected to expand the production capacity of the oil field in the Qaidam basin with a low-cost investment.Thus,further exploration is recommended.

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Frequency-Bessel multi-mode surface wave tomography utilizing microseisms excited by energetic typhoons

Xuping FENGYingjie XIAXiaofei CHEN

3436-3447页

查看更多>>摘要：The recently developed Frequency-Bessel(F-J)transform array technique has significantly advanced multi-mode surface wave tomography,providing precise constraints on shear wave velocity(Vs)models of the crust and uppermost mantle.This technique has primarily focused on extracting inter-station surface waves from ambient noise cross-correlation.Energetic typhoons generate abundant surface wave signals,prompting growing interest in utilizing these signals to investigate subsurface structures.This study explores the feasibility and application of using microseisms excited by strong typhoons for F-J transform surface wave tomography.By analyzing microseisms recorded by a broadband seismic array in Mongolia during energetic typhoons,we observed multi-mode surface waves with high signal-to-noise ratios.Our analysis revealed that the sources of these waves closely correspond to typhoon tracks,confirming that they were primarily excited by typhoons.We successfully extracted multi-mode dispersion curves for imaging the Vs structure beneath the array using the F-J transform.Additionally,we derived multi-mode dispersion curves from a two-year noise dataset recorded by the same array,which were also used to invert for the Vs structure.Comparison of Vs models derived from typhoon-induced microseisms and the two-year noise dataset showed neg-ligible differences within the depth range of 0-140 km.Our findings demonstrate the potential value of microseisms generated by energetic typhoons in precisely probing the Vs structure of the crust and uppermost mantle.

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Challenges in applying REE-based thermobarometers:Insights from mafic-ultramafic granulites in Indian southern granulite terrain

Xiaofei XULonglong GOUChengli ZHANGJunsheng LU...

3448-3464页

查看更多>>摘要：High-temperature diffusion of major elements may obscure the records of early and peak metamorphic stages in granulites,while trace elements are more likely to preserve these records due to their lower diffusion rates.Thus,using calibrated REE-based thermobarometers has proved essential for reconstructing these key stages,drawing considerable attention and application from scholars.However,the precision of these thermobarometers depends on including both major and trace elements from coexisting minerals to define the correlation coefficients(A,B,and D)among mineral pairs,indicating that the elemental composition of these pairs can affect the results.Our study examines the mafic-ultramafic granulites in the southern granulite terrain,India,employing integrated methods such as petrography,mineral chemistry,phase equilibrium modeling,and REE-based thermobarometers.We aim to determine their metamorphic conditions and evolutionary history and to identify potential challenges in using REE-based thermobarometers.The garnet,clinopyroxene,and orthopyroxene in the mafic-ultramafic granulite samples display homogeneous compositional profiles,with pronounced Fe-Mg diffusion zones at the interfaces between garnet and clinopyroxene.Conversely,the profiles of trace elements within garnet and clinopyroxene are better preserved.Investigations into Fe-Mg exchange and randomly selected mineral pairs significantly influence the accuracy of REE-based thermobarometers.Fe-Mg exchange can increase in coefficient A,while decreasing coefficient B for light rare earth elements(LREEs)and increasing it for heavy rare earth elements(HREEs),ultimately resulting in over-estimations when calculating REE-based thermobarometers.For example,selecting major compositions with an Ex(=(XCMg-XOMg)/XOMg× 100％;where XCMg is the value after Fe-Mg exchange,XOMgis the value before Fe-Mg exchange;XMg=Mg/(Fe2++Mg))value of～10 for calculation using the REE-in-Grt-Cpx thermobarometer will result in pressures and temperatures being～10 kbar and 30-40℃ higher than the true values.Random pairing,such as selections based solely on the core or rim of minerals with changes in trace elements,can severely impact the distribution coefficient D,resulting in substantial discrepancies in thermobarometric calculations and potentially producing anomalous results.Thus,to minimize the impact of these factors,it is necessary to first analyze the profiles of major and trace elements in coexisting minerals before applying the REE-based thermobarometers to evaluate the P-T conditions of granulites.Based on this analysis,major element compositions less affected by Fe-Mg exchange(such as avoiding the selection of major compositions at the boundaries of minerals)and in relative equilibrium in trace element compositions among coexisting minerals(same growth periods)should be selected for pairing.Furthermore,integrating additional methods should also be considered when applying the REE-based thermo-barometers,to prevent the misinterpretation of the P-T conditions obtained.

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Multiple metal sources in polymetallic W-Sn ore deposits revealed by mercury stable isotopes

Zhendong TIANBernd LEHMANNChangzhou DENGXingchun ZHANG...

3465-3475页

查看更多>>摘要：Granite-related W-Sn ore systems are commonly associated with coeval Pb-Zn mineralization.It remains unclear whether these metals are derived from the same sources or not.Mercury(Hg)is a common minor component in such systems.Hg isotopes undergo unique mass-independent fractionation(expressed as A199Hg values),which is mainly generated during Hg photochemical reactions on Earth's surface and not affected by magmatic-hydrothermal processes,offering an excellent op-portunity to trace metal sources in hydrothermal systems.We observed near-zero Δ199Hg values in wolframite(-0.10‰ to 0.08‰,n=11),and in skarn-(-0.17‰ to 0.12‰,n=48)and greisen-type(-0.12‰ to 0.10‰,n=11)bulk tin-tungsten ore from eight major ore deposits in South China.These values are identical to those of coeval highly evolved granites(-0.13‰ to 0.12‰,n=49),supporting that Hg in W-Sn ores were sourced from granite.However,sulfides(e.g.,pyrite,chalcopyrite,arsenopyrite,galena,and sphalerite)in these deposits exhibit negative to near-zero Δ199Hg values(-0.42‰ to 0.09‰,n=124),which indicates a contribution of Hg and by inference other metals from both Precambrian basement rocks(A199Hg＜0)and ore-related granites.The study demonstrates that multiple sources of metals were involved in the formation of the polymetallic W-Sn deposits,and further highlights that extraction of metals from basement rocks may be a critical control on the formation of economically important mineralization of base metal sulfides(e.g.,Pb,Zn)in granite-related magmatic-hydrothermal systems.

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Sources,enrichment mechanisms,and resource effects of rare metal elements-enriched geothermal springs in Xizang,China

Fei XUEHongbing TANXiying ZHANGJinbao SU...

3476-3499页

查看更多>>摘要：Rare metals such as lithium(Li),rubidium(Rb),and cesium(Cs)are strategically crucial mineral resources for the development of emerging industries in China.Ensuring a stable long-term supply of these resources is essential.The geothermal systems in Xizang,China are well-developed,with a wide distribution of various types.Most high-temperature geothermal systems in Xizang are exceptionally enriched in rare metal elements(RMEs)and have the potential to become a new source of rare metals to secure China's strategic mineral resource supply in the future.A close relationship also exists between the geothermal system and the special salt lake resources on the Tibetan Plateau.Geothermal springs thus play a key role in the migration and enrichment of RMEs from deep to shallow parts of the crust,in the transition between endogenous and exogenous mineralization,and source-to-sink processes.However,the mechanisms of element enrichment and evolution in these springs have not been systematically discussed,and many theoretical issues remain to be investigated.Based on summarizing and analyzing previous research,this study employs hydrochemical and isotopic geochemistry methods to investigate typical geothermal springs across Xizang and explore the anomalous enrichment mechanism of RMEs,and the resource effects of geothermal springs.Comprehensive analysis shows that the total dissolved solids(TDS)and hydrochemical types of geothermal springs are similar to those of major geothermal fields worldwide,but the Tibetan springs are abnormally rich in Li(averaging 5.48 mg/L),Rb(averaging 0.75 mg/L),and Cs(averaging 3.58 mg/L),which are hundreds to thousands of times more con-centrated than natural waters.The distribution of these enriched geothermal springs is controlled by the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and the extended N-S trending rifts,especially in the intersection zone of the two,where the geothermal springs are the most enriched.Based on the spatial distribution,isotopic,and elemental geochemistry,the RMEs enriched in Tibetan geothermal springs are mainly derived from the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids generated by the partial melting of the subducted Indian plate under the Eurasian continent.These fluids not only maintain geothermal activities as a heat source but also participate in the material cycle of the geothermal spring as a material source.Against the background of regional crustal enrichment in RMEs,incompatible elements such as Li,Rb,and Cs are gradually enriched in magmatic-hydrothermal processes including partial melting in the source,magmatic differentiation,and hydrothermal fluid exsolution,and some ore-forming elements are further extracted from surrounding rocks through deep high-temperature water-rock interactions.Eventually,an eruption occurs,and these fluids move to the surface to form a geothermal spring rich in RMEs.With the drainage of geothermal springs,the RMEs are continuously transported to the lake basin by surface runoff and continue to concentrate and evolve into salt lake brines under an extremely arid climate environment,constituting an endogenous source and exogenous accumulation salt lake metallogenic model.This comprehensive explanation of the sources,migration,enrichment mechanisms,and resource effects of geothermal springs will deepen the understanding of rare metal mineralization processes,and aid in the advancement of theoretical models for key rare metal mineral resources in various geological bodies of the Tibetan Plateau,significantly expanding exploration scopes and accurately assessing the resource potential of RMEs.

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Patterns and mechanism of wintertime penetrating fronts in the East China Sea

Peng YEDaji HUANGJiliang XUANShuangyan HE...

3500-3514页

查看更多>>摘要：Penetrating fronts play an important role in the cross-shelf transport of terrestrial materials in the East China Sea(ECS).Using long-term satellite remote sensing data and numerical simulation data,the most likely period of occurrence and region of the penetrating fronts in the western ECS are analyzed in this study,and the evolutionary process and mechanism are also investigated.The statistical results of satellite-derived chlorophyll data from 1998 to 2022(25 years)reveal that penetrating fronts occur most frequently near 27°N in winter,with the frequencies of occurrence in January,February and March being 47％,65％and 64％,respectively.Backward Lagrangian tracer experiments demonstrate that the penetrating water near 27°N originate from three different regions.The core penetrating low-salinity water originates from the Zhejiang-Fujian coast,while the northern marginal water originates from the northern part of Taiwan Island,and the southern marginal water originates from the central Taiwan Strait.Mechanism analysis reveals that the core penetrating low-salinity water evolves in three successive stages.First,under the influence of the Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current driven by strong northeasterly winds,the low-salinity water along the Zhejiang-Fujian coast moves southwestward parallel to the coastline and accumulates in the western Taiwan Strait.Second,during the relaxation stage of the northeasterly wind,the northeastward Taiwan Strait Current strengthens,and the low-salinity water accumulated in the western Taiwan Strait moves to the northeast.Third,when the northeastward-moving low-salinity water runs into the Western Kuroshio Branch off the northeastern Taiwan Island,the low-salinity water is rapidly stretched eastward,and a significant penetrating front eventually appears.Since the synoptic northeasterly wind and the Western Kuroshio Branch are dominant dynamic factors in this region during wintertime,we believe that the synoptic wintertime penetrating fronts near 27°N are common and important phenomena that play important roles in the cross-shelf transport of terrestrial materials in the ECS.

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