期刊,中国科学:地球科学（英文版） 2024年卷12期_国家学术搜索

期刊信息/Journal information

中国科学:地球科学（英文版）

主　　编：周光召

出版周期：月刊

国际刊号：1674-7313

电子邮箱：sales@scichina.org

电　　话：010-64019820

邮政编码：100717

地　　址：北京东黄城根北街16号

中国科学:地球科学（英文版）/Journal Science China(Earth Sciences)CSCDEISCI

查看更多>>《中国科学》是中国科学院主办、中国科学杂志社出版的自然科学专业性学术刊物。《中国科学》任务是反映中国自然科学各学科中的最新科研成果，以促进国内外的学术交流。《中国科学》以论文形式报道中国基础研究和应用研究方面具有创造性的、高水平的和有重要意义的科研成果。在国际学术界，《中国科学》作为代表中国最高水平的学术刊物也受到高度重视。国际上最具有权威的检索刊物SCI，多年来一直收录《中国科学》的论文。1999年《中国科学》夺得国家期刊奖的第一名。

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ESDC:An open Earth science data corpus to support geoscientific literature information extraction

Hao LIPeng YUEDeodato TAPETEFrancesca CIGNA...

3840-3854页

查看更多>>摘要：Over the past ten years,large amounts of original research data related to Earth system science have been made available at a rapidly increasing rate.Such growing data stock helps researchers understand the human-Earth system across different fields.A substantial amount of this data is published by geoscientists as open-access in authoritative journals.If the information stored in this literature is properly extracted,there is significant potential to build a domain knowledge base.However,this potential remains largely unfulfilled in geoscience,with one of the biggest obstacles being the lack of publicly available related corpora and baselines.To fill this gap,the Earth Science Data Corpus(ESDC),an academic text corpus of 600 abstracts,was built from the international journal Earth System Science Data(ESSD).To the best of our knowledge,ESDC is the first corpus with the needed detail to provide a professional training dataset for knowledge extraction and construction of domain-specific knowledge graphs from massive amounts of literature.The production process of ESDC incorporates both the contextual features of spatiotemporal entities and the linguistic characteristics of academic literature.Furthermore,annotation guidelines and procedures tailored for Earth science data are formulated to ensure reliability.ChatGPT with zero-and few-shot prompting,BARTNER generative,and W2NER discriminative models were trained on ESDC to evaluate the performance of the name entity recognition task and showed increasing performance metrics,with the highest achieved by BARTNER.Performance metrics for various entity types output by each model were also assessed.We utilized the trained BARTNER model to perform model inference on a larger unlabeled literature corpus,aiming to automatically extract a broader and richer set of entity information.Subsequently,the extracted entity information was mapped and associated with the Earth science data knowledge graph.Around this knowledge graph,this paper validates multiple downstream applications,including hot topic research analysis,scientometric analysis,and knowledge-enhanced large language model question-answering systems.These applica-tions have demonstrated that the ESDC can provide scientists from different disciplines with information on Earth science data,help them better understand and obtain data,and promote further exploration in their respective professional fields.

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Response to climate warming of winter wheat varieties bred across different eras in the North China Plain

Zhaoyang JIANGShibo FANGDong WUXin LIU...

3855-3867页

查看更多>>摘要：By the 2000s,the winter wheat regions in the North China Plain had undergone six major variety renewals.It is crucial to know how the winter wheat varieties bred across different eras respond to climate change,especially climate warming.From 2017 to 2022,we conducted a two-factor,two-level field experiment at Gucheng and Raoyang,with a temperature difference of 1℃ existing between the two sites.The experiment used ten winter wheat varieties bred from the 1960s to the 2000s and included both fertilization and no fertilization treatments.The experiment aimed to separate the effects of warming and fertilization on the growth and development of the winter wheat varieties,thereby revealing the differences in their responses to warming.All the winter wheat varieties across different eras had higher yields in warmer environments.By separating the effects of warming and fertilization,the rate of yield increase decreased with the breeding eras of varieties due to the impact of warming alone.However,it still increased with the eras due to the combined effects of warming and fertilization.For varieties from the 1980s and 2000s,there is a strong correlation between higher fertility and warmer climate adaptability.Warming has a yield gain effect,significantly amplifying the yield increase under fertilization for the middle and late varieties.Therefore,the average yield increase for varieties from the 2000s reached 67％in warmer environments.Warming has increased the average daily minimum temperature during the winter wheat growing season.It has significantly reduced the number of days below zero degrees Celsius,shortening the overwintering stage and thereby shortening the growth period of winter wheat.However,the effective developmental days(＞0℃ days)maintained a consistent level.Warming promotes the development of large tillers,increases leaf area and dry matter accumulation,and reduces the ratio of sterile spikelets.The varieties from the 2000s had the lowest ratio of sterile spikelets and the highest harvest index(HI)in warmer environments,resulting in a significant increase in yield.This study reveals the differential responses to the warming of winter wheat varieties across different eras,which have a specific reference for winter wheat breeding to cope with climate change.

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Controls on sediment transport from rivers to trenches in passive and active continental margins

Letian ZENGCe WANGDavid A.FOSTERMing SU...

3868-3880页

查看更多>>摘要：Active and passive continental margins exhibit significant differences in sediment transport.However,opportunities to quantify these specific sedimentary processes remain limited.The northeastern South China Sea hosts both active and passive continental margins,offering a distinct opportunity to compare the relative contributions from a large passive continental margin with those from a smaller but more dynamic active margin.We present detrital zircon U-Pb ages from marine sediments in the northeastern South China Sea to decipher their provenance and reveal the control of transport processes in the margins.Our results show varied provenance of sediments from the shelf to the trench.In the continental shelf,sediments were primarily derived from the Jiulong and Gaoping rivers,controlled by the topography and ocean currents in the passive margin.In contrast,the sediments in the submarine canyons predominantly originated from the Gaoping and Zhuoshui rivers in western Taiwan Island.Quantitative results indicate that the Gaoping submarine canyon provided approximately 86.2％of sediments to the Manila Trench by directly linking to the Gaoping River in the active margin.Based on the provenance results,we propose a distinct sedimentary process in the active and passive margins.In passive margins,sediments from drainage systems enter the shelf and are transported by ocean currents,but topographic highs often block these sediments,preventing them from reaching the deep sea.In contrast,active margins feature narrow shelves,which facilitate direct connections between submarine canyons and river mouths,allowing gravity flows to carry sediments directly to the trenches.Our study provides an understanding of the sediments transported from rivers to trenches in the northeastern South China Sea and highlights the controls(ocean currents,dramatic topography,and gravity flows)during the sediment transport in the continental margins.

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Effects of upper mantle wind on mantle plume morphology and hotspot track:Numerical modeling

Jie XINHuai ZHANGYaolin SHIFelipe ORELLANA-ROVIROSA...

3881-3899页

查看更多>>摘要：A mantle thermal plume may be tilted,deflected,or even split-up by mantle lateral flows(mantle wind)during its ascent,which in turn changes the spatial distribution of various geological-magmatic responses,such as magmatic activity in the overriding plate and hotspot tracks on the surface,affecting the reliability of the constraints on absolute plate motion history.Previous research on tilted mantle plumes has focused mainly on the lower/whole mantle regions.Whether mantle plumes formed in whole/layered mantle convection suffer lateral tilt in the upper mantle,and how this affects the magmatic activity along the surface hotspot track as well as the plume-related tectonic processes,are important scientific issues in mantle thermal-plume dynamics and plate tectonics theory.This study introduces a thermal Stokes-fluid-dynamics numerical model(in ASPECT software)and pyrolite parameters constrained by mineral physics data,and quantitatively analyzes the tilted/deflected mor-phology of upper-mantle plumes and the concomitant surface-hotspot location-evolution characteristics under the combined effects of overriding-plate-motion driven flow(Couette)and upper mantle counter-flow(Poiseuille).We find that this composite upper-mantle wind can lead to(1)Plume head-and-upper-conduit horizontal motion in the opposite direction of the overriding plate motion and also with respect to the conduit roots,such that the magmatic spacing is increased;(2)Near-periodic split-up and ascent of a laterally-moving plume conduit,whose split-up/ascent period depends mainly on the thermo-chemical buoyancy of the plume itself;and(3)Under specific conditions of thermo-chemical buoyancy of a main"parent"plume interacting with upper mantle winds,two secondary"child"plumes hundreds of kilometers apart can sprout and ascend sequentially/sub-simultaneously through the upper mantle in a very short period of time(2-4 Myr).The resulting oscillating/jumping behavior of hotspot locations along the overriding plate motion direction can be used to explain the observations on some of Earth's igneous provinces and hotspot tracks(for example,the Kerguelen hotspot)and related-tectonics,that:(ⅰ)younger hotspot-magmatic-tectonic regions can superimpose-to and situate-amidst older ones(surface-hotspot-motion or plume-deflection distances greater than overriding-plate-motion distances,with magmatism separated closely in space but largely in time),and(ⅱ)plume-related magmatism can be widely separated in space but closely in time or age(near-simultaneous ascent of two distant"child"plumes from the same"parent"mantle-plume conduit).Our study suggests that the complex dynamic environment within the upper mantle should be considered when constraining absolute plate motions by the moving-hotspot-reference-frame,especially when these hotspots are located near mid-ocean ridges and/or subduction zones.

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Differences in both the structure and interaction of the crust and mantle on the eastern and western sides of the Ordos Block

Yong CHENYifang CHENJiuhui CHENBiao GUO...

3900-3913页

查看更多>>摘要：The Ordos Block,the western part of the North China Craton(NCC),has preserved most of its cratonic lithospheric roots during the destruction and modification of the NCC,and nowconnects two distinctly different tectonic units,i.e.,the Tibetan Plateau(TP)to the west and the North China Plain to the east.It is important to studythe detailed crust-mantle structure of the Ordos Block and surroundings to understand the interactions between the Ordos and adjacent regions and the dynamics of the NCC evolution.In this study,the S-wave velocity structure at depths of 0-100 km along an E-W profile at around 36.5°N from the Qilian orogen(QLO)to the Trans-North China Orogen(TNCO)within the NCC was investigated by joint inversion of the receiver functions(RFs)and surface wave dispersion data from 104 broadband seismic stations deployed in the region under the ChinArray project(Phase Ⅱ and Phase Ⅲ).The image of discontinuity structures along the profile was further constructed by common conversion point stacking of RFs.The main results are as follows:(1)The depth of the Moho in the study region gradually decreases from west to east,being the deepest in the QLO,the second in the Ordos Block,and the shallowest in the TNCO.Local depression and uplift of the Moho are also identified beneath the Haiyuan fault zone and the Shanxi-Shaanxi rift system(SSR),respectively.(2)The crust-mantle structure displays obvious lateral heterogeneities among tectonic regions.A pronounced low-velocity anomaly is observed at depths of 20-40 km beneath the QLO and becomes weakened and thinned to the east,indicating that thickening of the mid-to-lower crust probably occurred in the QLO during the growth and lateral extrusion of the northeastern TP under the resistance of the NCC.The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath the TNCO is imaged at～90 km depth,which is significantly shallower than that beneath the Ordos Block.This observation suggests that the lithosphere of the TNCO may have experienced a notable thinning,possibly by thermal erosion and modification due to the mantle upwelling associated with the western Pacific subduction in the Mesozoic.(3)The uplifted Moho under the SSR and its neighboring areas is spatially coincident with the thinned lithosphere in the TNCO,indicating a close relationship between the development of the SSR and the lithospheric thinning and modification in this region.

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Reflection and transmission coefficient approximation at weak-contrast interfaces for strong VTI media

Xingyao YINYaming YANGKai LIANGKun LI...

3914-3938页

查看更多>>摘要：Reflection and transmission(R/T)responses characterize the propagation and energy distribution of incident and reflected waves on both sides of an interface which is crucial for imaging,amplitude variation with offset(AVO),and seismic inversion techniques.Subsurface media are typically characterized by anisotropy which can have a significant impact on the R/T response,even at small incident angles.Currently,anisotropic media problems including reflection,transmission,and inversion are generally discussed under a weak anisotropy assumption.However,this assumption is no longer valid in cases of large angles where anisotropy enhancement exacerbates the error of the conventional R/T coefficient approximation.An R/T coefficient approximation method for strong VTI media was proposed based on the assumption of weak-contrast of the media.In contrast to the conventional approach,which simplifies the phase velocity and polarization in an anisotropic background,the phase velocity and polarization at the weak-contrast interface of the elasticity and anisotropy parameters were approximated using a combi-nation of the anisotropic background and perturbation terms.Specifically,a first-order approximation of the R/T coefficients for the VTI media characterized by elastic and anisotropic parameters was derived using Cramer's law to invert the anisotropic background matrix,avoiding the assumption of weak anisotropy.Subsequently,the exact solution of the Zoeppritz equations was used to correct the isotropic part,improving the accuracy of the R/T coefficients at interfaces with high-velocity contrast.Modeling tests on four classes of typical interfaces showed that the derived equations can be degraded to the Aki approximation in isotropic media,while exhibiting high accuracy in strong VTI media.Uncertainty analyses showed that a linear approximation that facilitates seismic inversion can be obtained by taking the S-to P-velocity ratio and anisotropy parameters in the coefficient terms a priori.

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Simultaneous inversion of seismic scattering and absorption attenuation using coda energies

Jia WEIQiancheng LIULing CHENLiang ZHAO...

3939-3949页

查看更多>>摘要：Simultaneous inversion of scattering and absorption attenuation is of great significance for investigating small-scale inhomogeneities and inelastic properties of the subsurface.However,applying this to complex geophysical issues is constrained by the costly computational requirements for simulations and inversions using existing methods.The coupling effects between the scattering and absorption coefficients cause parameter crosstalk artifacts in multi-parameter inversion,significantly in-creasing the nonlinearity of the inverse processes.This paper proposes a robust and effective simultaneous inversion method for scattering and absorption attenuation.The propagation of coda energy is modeled using the finite-element method based on the frequency-domain diffusion equation.We employ the truncated Gauss-Newton technique for the simultaneous estimation of scattering and absorption coefficients to decouple the two attenuation parameters during the inversion procedure.Nevertheless,the inversion may reach a local minimum if the energy frequency is inappropriate due to a phase mismatch between the simulated and measured energies.To mitigate this issue,we provide a frequency selection criterion that considers the substantial spectral shift of the energy density spectrum toward lower frequencies.Numerical examples using synthetic and experimental data indicate that our method can significantly reduce computational complexity and suppress two-parameter crosstalk without requiring a precise initial attenuation model.

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Driving forces of continental lithospheric deformation

Zebin CAOLijun LIU

3950-3956页

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New insights on driving factors of East Asian droughts and floods

Yihui DING

3957-3959页

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Promises and challenges in inferring the evolution of ancient organisms using optimum growth temperature

Wenkai TENGChuanlun ZHANG

3960-3962页

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