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中国科学:地球科学（英文版）
中国科学:地球科学（英文版）

周光召

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中国科学:地球科学（英文版）/Journal Science China(Earth Sciences)CSCDEISCI
查看更多>>《中国科学》是中国科学院主办、中国科学杂志社出版的自然科学专业性学术刊物。《中国科学》任务是反映中国自然科学各学科中的最新科研成果，以促进国内外的学术交流。《中国科学》以论文形式报道中国基础研究和应用研究方面具有创造性的、高水平的和有重要意义的科研成果。在国际学术界，《中国科学》作为代表中国最高水平的学术刊物也受到高度重视。国际上最具有权威的检索刊物SCI，多年来一直收录《中国科学》的论文。1999年《中国科学》夺得国家期刊奖的第一名。
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    Characteristics,origins,and significance of pyrites in deep-water shales

    Chao LIANGShichao JIYingchang CAOKeyu LIU...
    313-342页
    查看更多>>摘要：As important metal sulfides in the geochemical cycle of sulfur,the characteristics and formation processes of pyrites can provide useful clues regarding their environment.Based on previous findings,shale pyrites were divided into three major classes(euhedral pyrites,framboidal pyrites(framboids)and metasomatic pyrites)and six sub-classes in this study.At the microscopic scale,each type of pyrite is associated with a different formation process.Framboids are formed by burst nucleation in environments with a homogeneous distribution of nutrients while euhedral pyrites are usually formed on pre-existing sites(such as=FeS on the minerals surface)in the heterogeneous system.Metasomatic pyrites formed by the replacement of other ions in accountable material by iron ions and hydrogen sulfide ions in hydrothermal events.The morphology and isotope value of pyrite provide information to track the origins of their nutrient and characteristics of sulfur and iron pools.In addition,the trace element content of pyrite can serve as a proxy for paleo-ocean trace element abundance,indicating changes in atmospheric oxygen content.Additionally,pyrite can also serves as an indicator of shale gas reservoirs.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Research progresses and prospects of multi-sphere compound extremes from the Earth System perspective

    Zengchao HAOYang CHEN
    343-374页
    查看更多>>摘要：Compound extremes,whose socioeconomic and ecological impacts are severer than that caused by each event occurring in isolation,have evolved into a hot topic in Earth Science in the past decade.In the context of climate change,many compound extremes have exhibited increasing frequency and intensity,and shown novel fashions of combinations,posing more pressing demands and tougher challenges to scientific research and disaster prevention and response.This article,via a per-spective of multi-sphere interactions within the Earth System,systematically reviews the status quo,new scientific under-standing,and deficiencies regarding the definition,mechanism,change,attribution,and projection of compound extremes.This study also sorts out existing challenges and outlines a potential roadmap in advancing the study on compound extremes with respect to data requirement,mechanistic diagnosis,numerical modeling,attribution and projection,risk assessment,and adaptive response.Further directions of compound extremes studies and key research topics that warrant multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral coordinated efforts are also proposed.Given that climate change has reshaped the type of extremes,a transformation from the traditional single-event perspective to a compound-event perspective is needed for scientific research,disaster pre-vention and mitigation,and climate change adaptation,calling for bottom-up innovation in research objects,ideas,and methods.This article will add value to promoting the research on compound extremes and interdisciplinary cooperations.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Research progress in assessment and strategies for sustainable food system within planetary boundaries

    Minglei WANGWenjiao SHI
    375-386页
    查看更多>>摘要：Meeting the increasing food demand in a manner that ensures both resources and environmental sustainability poses a global challenge.The conceptual framework of planetary boundaries(PBs)has emerged as a crucial reference in the study of sustainable food system,with specific focuses on key dimensions such as land use change,freshwater use,nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)cycles,and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.In this study,we summarized the threshold applications of PBs in sustainable food system research at both the global and national(China)scales.Based on these thresholds,we evaluated the sustainability conditions of the food system,considering resources such as cropland,freshwater,N and P applications,as well as environmental impacts including N and P losses,and GHG emissions.In addition,we explored the impacts of single or combined management strategies on sustainable food systems.These strategies included dietary changes,improvements in technologies and management,reductions in food loss and waste,and optimization in agricultural production distribution.Finally,we outlined future research directions in sustainable food system,including enhancing research on the interaction mechanisms among PBs elements within food systems,conducting downscaling studies of PBs elements at national and regional levels,and ensuring the rationality of policy-making for sustainable food systems in China.This study can provide a theoretical foundation and strategies guidance for sustainable food system and agricultural land use management in the future both globally and in China.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Counteracting effects on ENSO induced by ocean chlorophyll interannual variability and tropical instability wave-scale perturbations in the tropical Pacific

    Rong-Hua ZHANGFeng TIANQidong SHIXiujun WANG...
    387-404页
    查看更多>>摘要：Large perturbations in chlorophyll(Chl)are observed to coexist at interannual and tropical instability wave(TIW)scales in the tropical Pacific;at present,their combined effects on El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)through ocean biology-induced heating(OBH)feedbacks are not understood well.Here,a hybrid coupled model(HCM)for the atmosphere and ocean physics-biogeochemistry(AOPB)in the tropical Pacific is adopted to quantify how ENSO can be modulated by Chl pertur-bations at interannual and TIW scales,individually or collectively,respectively.The HCM-based sensitivity experiments demonstrate a counteracting effect on ENSO:the bio-climate feedback due to large-scale Chl interannual variability acts to damp ENSO through its impact on upper-ocean stratification and vertical mixing,whereas that due to TIW-scale Chl perturbations tends to amplify ENSO.Because ENSO simulations are sensitively dependent on the ways Chl effects are represented at these different scales,it is necessary to adequately take into account these related differential Chl effects in climate modeling.A bias source for ENSO simulations is illustrated that is related with the Chl effects in the tropical Pacific,adding in a new insight into interactions between the climate system and ocean ecosystem on different scales in the region.These results reveal a level of complexity of ENSO modulations resulting from Chl effects at interannual and TIW scales,which are associated with ocean biogeochemical processes and their interactions with physical processes in the tropical Pacific.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Potassium isotopic signatures of modern offshore detrital sediments from different climatic regimes and the implications

    Jun MUTianyu CHENQian YUShichao AN...
    405-419页
    查看更多>>摘要：Potassium isotopes are a novel tracer for continental weathering.Previous K isotope studies on chemical weathering generally targeted weathering profiles under a particular climate region,yet the effects of chemical weathering on K isotopes under different climatic backgrounds remain unclear.Moreover,little is known about the K isotope signatures of modem unconsolidated detrital sediments.Here,we report K isotopic data of surficial seafloor sediments from continental shelves along the east coast of China(ECC),as well as those around the tropical Hainan island in the northern South China Sea.The ECC sediments have a relatively narrow distribution of δ41K(with reference to NIST3141a)values,which range from(-0.40±0.01)‰to(-0.57±0.04)％o,with an average of(-0.51±0.09)‰.By contrast,δ41k values of Hainan offshore sediments display a larger variation,ranging from(-0.28±0.07)‰ to(-0.67±0.02)‰.The δ41k values of Hainan offshore sediments exhibit negative correlations with the chemical index of alteration(CIA),Al/K,Ti/K,and total iron(FeT),which underlines the control of chemical weathering on K isotopic signatures of detritus inputs into oceans.We also measured Mg isotope compositions for the same samples;interestingly,the variability in δ26Mg of the samples is small(～0.24‰)for all ECC and Hainan offshore sediments,and δ26Mg values do not show clear correlations with indexes of chemical weathering.Our study demonstrates the link between K isotopic variability of detrital sediments and climatic conditions including rainfall intensity,which indicates that K isotopes of the detrital component of marine sediments could be applied to study Earth's climate in deep time.Theδ41Kvalues of the offshore detrital sediments are significantly less variable than those of pelagic marine sediments,highlighting the importance of distinguishing the effects of diagenesis and neoformation of clay minerals from continental weathering in attempts to study deep-time climate-weathering link by K isotopes in detrital sedimentary records.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Record-breaking summer-autumn drought in southern China in 2022:Roles of tropical sea surface temperature and Eurasian warming

    Yuepeng HUBotao ZHOUHuijun WANGDapeng ZHANG...
    420-431页
    查看更多>>摘要：From summer to autumn in 2022,a severe drought lasted in southern China,posing serious effects on economic growth and ecological systems.This study explored the atmospheric circulations accounting for this persistent drought event.It shows that the drought in southern China during the summer of 2022 was strongly linked to the divergence of water vapor flux and descending motions,which were respectively caused by the anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific and the northward movement of the East Asian subtropical jet(EASJ).Differently,the atmospheric background responsible for the sustained drought in autumn is manly featured by a cyclonic circulation anomaly over the region from the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea,which led to decreased moisture and descending motions in southern China.Further investigation suggests that the rarely strong surface warming over northern Eurasia and the extreme La Nina-like pattern over the tropical Pacific jointly resulted in the anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific and the northward shift of the EASJ in the summer of 2022,while the cyclonic circulation anomaly prevailing over the region from the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea in autumn was largely attributed to the extremely negative anomalies of the tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Influence of sea-land breeze on the formation and dissipation of severe dense fog and its burst reinforcement in the Yellow Sea coastal area,China

    Ya GAODuanyang LIUShuqi YANWenjun ZHOU...
    432-449页
    查看更多>>摘要：Based on the global reanalysis data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research,the surface meteorological observation data,sounding data and satellite observation data,this paper comprehensively analyzes the evolution process and formation mechanism of a persistent severe dense fog process occurred on February 15-17,2015 in Yancheng,eastern China.Through the numerical simulation experiment of Weather Research and Forecast(WRF)model,we further analyze the impact of sea-land breeze on the formation and burst reinforcement of fog.Results show that the precipitation caused by the southwesterly airflow in front of the upper-level trough and the low-pressure inverted trough are conducive to the formation of early rain fog,while the nighttime clear radiance under the control of surface cold high and the infiltration of weak cold advection are conducive to the formation and development of later radiation-advection fog.The WRF model simulates the fog evolution process,which is basically consistent with the actual fog area,and the simulation results are credible to a certain extent.The simulation results show that the establishment of sea breeze has an advection cooling effect on the near surface layer,which is conducive to the formation and development of the inversion layer on the near surface,providing stable stratification conditions for the formation and burst reinforcement of fog.On one hand,the strengthening of sea breeze circulation can continuously transport water vapor to the study area.On the other,the occurrence of ultra-low level jet is favorable for the accumulation of low-level water vapor.At the same time,the inversion intensity further strengthens,which is in favor of the burst reinforcement and long-term maintenance of fog.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    MEIC-global-CO2:A new global CO2 emission inventory with highly-resolved source category and sub-country information

    Ruochong XUDan TONGQingyang XIAOXinying QIN...
    450-465页
    查看更多>>摘要：CO2 emission inventory provides fundamental data for climate research and emission mitigation.Currently,most global CO2 emission inventories were developed with energy statistics from International Energy Agency(IEA)and were available at country level with limited source categories.Here,as the first step toward a high-resolution and dynamic updated global CO2 emission database,we developed a data-driven approach to construct seamless and highly-resolved energy con-sumption data cubes for 208 countries/territories,797 sub-country administrative divisions in 29 countries,42 fuel types,and 52 sectors,with the fusion of activity data from 24 international statistics and 65 regional/local statistics.Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production in 1970-2021 were then estimated with highly-resolved source category(1,484 of total)and sub-country information(797 of total).Specifically,73％of global CO2 emissions in 2021 were estimated with sub-country information,providing considerably improved spatial resolution for global CO2 emission accounting.With the support of detailed information,the dynamics of global CO2 emissions across sectors and fuel types were presented,representing the evolution of global economy and progress of climate mitigation.Remarkable differences of sectoral contribution were found across sub-country administrative divisions within a given country,revealing the uneven distribution of energy and economic structure among different regions.Our estimates were generally consistent with existing databases at aggregated level for global total or large emitters,while large discrepancies were observed for middle and small emitters.Our database,named the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory model for Climate and air pollution research(MEIC)is publicly available through http://meicmodel.org.cn with highly-resolved information and timely update,which provides an independent carbon emission ac-counting data source for climate research.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据

    Variability of urban fractional vegetation cover and its driving factors in 328 cities in China

    Fei FENGXin YANGBaoquan JIAXiaoting LI...
    466-482页
    查看更多>>摘要：Urban green space promotes the health of urban residents,enhances urban ecosystem biodiversity,mitigates environmental pollution,and attenuates urban heat island effect.However,urban vegetation cover is highly heterogeneous and difficult to quantify.In this study,the variation of urban fractional vegetation cover(FVC)in 328 cities in China from 1990 to 2022 was quantified based on Landsat satellite data at a 30-m resolution.It was found that from 1990 to 2005,due to increases in building density and impervious surfaces in cities,the national mean urban vegetation cover decreased from 0.38 to 0.35.After 2005,urban vegetation cover began to reverse,reaching 0.45 in 2022.This increasing trend was most pronounced in newly built urban districts.The decrease in average urban vegetation cover before 2005 was mainly due to the expansion of low vegetation cover areas,while the increase in urban vegetation cover after 2005 manifested as the expansion of high vegetation cover areas.The reversal in the trend of urban vegetation cover change after 2004 is related to the gradual implementation of national policies requiring increased urban green space coverage.The urban gross domestic product(GDP)showed the highest correlation with changes in urban vegetation cover.For large and medium-sized cities,the top three factors influencing vegetation cover were GDP,urban population,and temperature.However,for cities in arid/semi-arid regions,changes in vegetation cover were more sensitive to climatic factors(such as precipitation).Although the urban vegetation cover in China has substantially increased in recent years,the urban green space in small-sized cities and in the old urban districts of large-sized cities still have room to improve.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Stability of water yield in watersheds

    Yu YANZhiyong LIUXiaohong CHENLiyan HUANG...
    483-496页
    查看更多>>摘要：The hydrological system of a watershed is intricately influenced by both underlying characteristics and climate conditions.Understanding the variability in water yield is essential for effective water resources management and water security in the context of changing environments.In this study,we adopted the Budyko framework and leveraged simulations from the CMIP6 model to investigate the compensation effects of climate and underlying characteristics on watershed water yield.Based on Taylor expansion and Budyko framework,we estimated the sensitivity of watershed water yield to climate and underlying characteristics(the first-and second-order partial derivatives).By combining external watershed characteristics(e.g.,water yield ratios and underlying characteristics)with internal sensitivity coefficients,this study further used vine copula and principal component analysis to quantify the stability of watershed water yield.Our findings show:(1)Water-yield changes related to underlying characteristics could be offset by climate-related water-yield changes across all climate zones,maintaining the water yield ratio steady(i.e.,the compensation effects).(2)However,global watersheds will turn more sensitive to underlying characteristics and less sensitive to climate variation in the future.Both climate-and underlying-related sensitivities increase in watersheds with arid climates.(3)The stability of watershed water yield will gradually diminish in the future.From 1901-1950 to 2051-2100,the global stability of 280 watersheds drops from 0.054 to 0.021(i.e.,stability index identified by the joint probability).Particularly,the largest change in stability of water yield reaches-0.347±0.18 in arid regions.In semi-arid,semi-humid,and humid regions,the changes are-0.039±0.010,-0.028±0.005,and-0.005±0.002,respectively.The findings provide a reference for the future sustainable water resources development under climate change,highlighting the vulnerability of the water resources in arid and semi-arid watersheds.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普