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中国科学:地球科学（英文版）
中国科学:地球科学（英文版）

周光召

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中国科学:地球科学（英文版）/Journal Science China(Earth Sciences)CSCDEISCI
查看更多>>《中国科学》是中国科学院主办、中国科学杂志社出版的自然科学专业性学术刊物。《中国科学》任务是反映中国自然科学各学科中的最新科研成果，以促进国内外的学术交流。《中国科学》以论文形式报道中国基础研究和应用研究方面具有创造性的、高水平的和有重要意义的科研成果。在国际学术界，《中国科学》作为代表中国最高水平的学术刊物也受到高度重视。国际上最具有权威的检索刊物SCI，多年来一直收录《中国科学》的论文。1999年《中国科学》夺得国家期刊奖的第一名。
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    Changes in extreme high temperature warning indicators over China under different global warming levels

    Yuxia ZHANGYing SUNTing HU
    1895-1909页
    查看更多>>摘要：High temperature warning indicators play a pivotal role in meteorological departments,serving as crucial criteria for issuing warnings that guide both social production and daily life.Despite their importance,limited studies have explored the relationship between different global warming levels and changes in high temperature warning indicators.In this study,we analyze data from 2,419 meteorological stations over China and utilize the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)models to examine historical changes in high temperature warning indicators used by the China Meteorological Administration.We evaluate model performance and estimate future changes in these indicators using an annual cycle bias correction method.The results indicate that since 1961,the number of high temperature days(TX35d and TX40d)and length of season(TX40d and TX401)with daily maximum temperature reaching or exceeding 35℃ and 40℃ have increased over China.The intensity of high temperatures(TXx)has strengthened and the geographical extent affected by high temperatures has expanded.In 2022,the occurrence of 40℃ high temperatures surges,with Eastern China experiencing a two-day increase in TX40d and an extended seasonal length in TX401 by over five days.While CMIP6 models have underestimated the high temperature indictors associated with 35℃ during historical periods,notable difference is not observed between the models and observations for TX40d and TX401,given their rare occurrence.However,future projections,after bias correction,indicate that the increasing trends for 35℃ and 40℃ high temperature days and length of season become more pronounced than the raw projection,suggesting a more severe increase than that anticipated originally.As global warming intensifies,the high tem-perature days and length of season are projected to increase non-linearly,while the intensity of high temperatures is expected to increase linearly.For every 1℃ increase in global temperature,the intensity is projected to rise by approximately 1.4℃.The impact of high temperatures is expanding,with the major hotspot for China located in the eastern and northwestern regions.Under 5℃ global warming,certain regions in China may experience prolonged extreme high temperatures.For instance,40℃ high temperature days in areas like North China and the Yangtze River Basin could increase by about 32 d,and the length of season could extend by approximately 100 d.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Wood use and forest management by Neolithic millet farmers at the Xinglong site,northern China

    Hui SHENZhenwei QIUKeliang ZHAOXinying ZHOU...
    1910-1921页
    查看更多>>摘要：The origin and development of agriculture and its relationship with climate change are hotly debated topics among environmental archaeologists.In this study,we analyzed wood charcoal materials from the Neolithic Xinglong site in northern China in order to understand the woody vegetation around the site and how early millet farmers shaped local woodlands.Our results suggest that the area around the Xinglong sites during 8700-7000 yr BP was primarily woodlands,including Prunus sibirica shrubs,Ulmus and Acer forests,and Populus stands near waterways.From 8000 to 7000 yr BP,the warm and humid climate probably contributed to the expansion of Acer,Rhamnus,and Juniperus,and may have facilitated the development of early millet agriculture.Among these ancient wood fragments that we studied,the high percent of Prunus charcoal appears to indicate an abundance of fruit trees,which might have constituted the main component of local vegetation.Meanwhile,the wood taxa illustrate the existence of a variety of ecological habitats,and it is logical to assume that people made full use of the locally available wood resources.Notably,Populus and Ulmus were the dominant sources of fuel.The results of tree-ring curvature analyses indicate that people mainly collected trunks or large branches of Ulmus,Populus,Acer,and Juniperus timbers.We interpret the increasing use of Prunus twigs and the declining percentage of Prunus charcoal in the period between 8000-7000 yr BP as indicating that people started to protect and manage wild fruit trees.They may have started pruning to acquire more food resources as part of the cultural responses and adaptation strategies employed by these early millet cultivators.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    The relationship between interannual dry/wet changes and nomadic wars in the Hexi Corridor region of China during the period 241-1912 A.D.

    Fei TANGZhilin SHIQinhua TIANXiaogang DU...
    1922-1931页
    查看更多>>摘要：The link between climate and war has long been a topic of great scientific and social interest.In this study,we investigate the influence of climate on warfare in China's Hexi Corridor region since 241 A.D.Using the superposed epoch analysis of tree-ring data and historical war data,we observe a notable correlation between interannual dry-wet variations and wars instigated by nomadic groups in the Hexi Corridor.However,this relationship is dynamic and influenced by the region's relative unity.During periods in which the Hexi Corridor was ruled by multiple regimes,wars tended to follow dry climatic conditions,which may be due to the fact that unusual drought during these periods likely heightened competition for resources and land.Conversely,during times of regional unity,wars were more likely to occur when climatic conditions were wet because the expansion of rangelands and the accumulation of resources helped fuel the nomads'outward conquest.These findings underscore the complexity of the relationship between war and climate change.To gain a more comprehensive understanding of this relationship,continuous,high-resolution historical temperature and humidity datasets with broader and more uniform coverage are needed across multiple regions.In addition,collecting and examining disaggregated historical war data for regions with distinct characteristics is essential.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据

    Transformation and mechanisms of climate wet/dry change on the northern Tibetan Plateau under global warming:A perspective from paleoclimatology

    Yu LIZhansen ZHANGXueru ZHOUMinjun GAO...
    1932-1951页
    查看更多>>摘要：The northern Tibetan Plateau is a climatically sensitive zone influenced by monsoon and westerly winds.In summer,water vapor transport can reach Qinghai Lake and the eastern section of the Qilian Mountains;in winter,westerly winds mainly control the climate.This article compares the wet/dry changes in the region during the mid-Holocene(MH)warm period,the medieval climate anomaly(MCA),the current warm period(CWP),and the future warm period from the perspective of paleoclimate.We found that the MH warm period was mainly affected by the orbit-controlled East Asian summer monsoon,and the region showed warm and humid climate characteristics.The MCA was mainly controlled by solar radiation,and there was a warm and dry phenomenon.The CWP and the future warm period are mainly controlled by the rise in temperature caused by the increase in greenhouse gases,and the climate is becoming more arid.The wet/dry patterns in the CWP and the future warm period in the next century on the northern Tibetan Plateau are similar to those in the MCA.Continued warming will lead to the expansion of the westerly belt and a gradually humid climate.The future wet/dry changes will be more similar to the MH warm period.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Paleoclimatic application of spectral parameters to the eolian red clay of the Jianzha Basin,northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

    Chaofeng FUJu'e TIANXinwen XUYougui SONG...
    1952-1966页
    查看更多>>摘要：Reflectance spectroscopy is rapid,inexpensive,and non-destructive and can provide important information about the mineralogy of rocks and sediments.We measured the reflectance spectroscopy of Miocene red clay deposits on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,with the aim of developing a rapid methodology for detecting paleoclimatic changes.We obtained visible/near-infrared(VNIR)and short-wave infrared(SWIR)spectroscopy data from the red clay in the Jianzha Basin,and analyzed their relationship with independent paleoclimatic records,including mineral contents and environmental magnetic parameters.The results show that the VNIR parameters,including D500,D900,R500,and R900(where D and R represent the depth and reflectance of the absorption peaks around 500 and 900 nm,respectively)are temperature-sensitive and correlated with the magnetic susceptibility,frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility,and the marine δ18O record.The results of frequency-domain analysis of the VNIR parameters show that they reflect climate change on orbital timescales.SWIR para-meters,such as AS 1400,D1 400/D 1900 and D1 900(where AS represents the asymmetry of the absorption peaks around 1400 nm),are correlated with the illite and montmorillonite content,and they are sensitive to the weathering intensity.The spectral parameters of the eolian red clay in the Jianzha Basin reflect regional climatic changes caused by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau at～8.5 Ma and global climatic cooling at～7.2 Ma,and thus they are applicable as both regional and global pa-leoenvironmental indicators.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Threshold of climate extremes that impact vegetation productivity over the Tibetan Plateau

    Zhenggang PIAOXiangyi LIHao XUKai WANG...
    1967-1977页
    查看更多>>摘要：Vegetation growth is adversely impacted by multiple climate extremes related to the water and thermal stress over the Tibetan Plateau(TP).However,it remains unknown at which stress level these climate extremes can trigger the abrupt shifts of vegetation response to climate extremes and result in the maximum vegetation response across TP.To fill this knowledge gap,we combined the hydrometeorological data and the satellite-derived vegetation index to detect two critical thresholds that determine the response of vegetation productivity to droughts,high-temperature extremes,and low-temperature extremes,respectively,during 2001-2018.Our results show that the response of vegetation productivity to droughts rapidly increases once crossing-1.41±0.6 standard deviation(σ)below the normal conditions of soil moisture.When crossing-2.98σ±0.9σ,vegetation productivity is maximum damaged by droughts.High-temperature extremes,which have the two thresholds of 1.34σ±0.4σ and 2.31σ±0.4σ over TP,are suggested to trigger the strong response of vegetation productivity at a milder stress level than low-temperature extremes(two thresholds:-1.44σ±0.5σ and-2.53σ±0.8σ).Moreover,we found the compounded effects of soil moisture deficit in reducing the threshold values of both high-and low-temperature extremes.Based on the derived thresholds of climate extremes that impact vegetation productivity,Earth System Models project that southwestern TP and part of the northeastern TP will become the hotspots with a high exposure risk to climate extremes by 2100.This study deciphers the high-impact extreme climates using two important thresholds across TP,which advances the understanding of the vegetation response to different climate extremes and provides a paradigm for assessing the impacts of climate extremes on regional ecosystems.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Potential transformation of organic matter by microbes in cryoconite,Tibetan Plateau

    Bixi GUOYongqin LIUKevin Xu ZHONGQuan SHI...
    1978-1989页
    查看更多>>摘要：Microorganisms play an essential role in the glacier carbon cycle;how they transform organic matter in mountain glacial cryoconite remains to be studied.Here,we applied ultra-high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS)and deep sequencing of 16S rRNA gene,to investigate the temporal microbial transformation of dissolved organic matter(DOM)of the Tibetan Plateau cryoconite.During the 60-day incubation,we found that DOM in cryoconite underwent a three-stage transformation,with decreasing bioavailability over time.The microbial community did not change much in the first week while degrading DOM molecules that were associated with higher H/Cwa and lower O/Cwa.During days 15-30,DOM composition remained stable while microbial diversity increased.By day 60,the DOM was microbially converted into a higher state of recalcitrance,with higher values of aromatic index,O/Cwa and lower H/Cwa,which contained molecules containing more heteroatoms.Cooperation among various microbial taxa,like Cyanobacteria,Bacteroidota,Gam-maproteobacteria,Firmicutes,and Actinobacteriota,drove the DOM transformation in cryoconite.This study sheds light on the in-situ transformation of DOM composition meditated by microbial populations in cryoconite at a temporal scale,providing new insights into understanding the microbial roles in the glacier organic carbon transformation.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Impacts of permafrost degradation on streamflow in the northern Himalayas

    Linfeng FANFang JIXingxing KUANGZhilin GUO...
    1990-2000页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Himalayan water tower provides crucial water resources for Asia.Permafrost degradation is deemed to exert important impacts on streamflow in the Himalayan rivers.Yet,the magnitudes of such impacts remain poorly quantified.Here,we established a robust hydrological model that incorporated active layer deepening and ground ice melt for the drainage basin of the largest river in the northern Himalayas-the Yarlung Zangbo River(YZR).We estimated that permafrost degradation led to～0.65 km3/yr decrease in surface runoff and～0.35 km3/yr increase in baseflow and ground ice melt contributed～0.25％to the annual streamflow in the YZR for the period 2001-2022.The"fill-and-spill"mechanism helps explain the seeming contradiction of observed increasing versus decreasing baseflow in different permafrost regions worldwide.We propose that the dilution of riverine dissolved organic carbon(DOC)concentrations by baseflow may lead to the riverine DOC hysteresis patterns.This study not only lays solid scientific basis for water resources management in the Himalayas,but also yields new insights into how to interpret measured river discharge and nutrient flux in permafrost regions over the globe.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Insights into the provenance implication of leaf wax n-alkanes along the lower Yellow River

    Liang ZHANGJinzhao LIUChong JIANGFei ZHANG...
    2001-2018页
    查看更多>>摘要：Serving as one of the largest rivers in terms of both sediment and organic carbon transport fluxes in the world,the Yellow River plays a crucial role in regional biogeochemical process as well as in the global carbon cycle.However,although a large number of studies have been carried out on the flux,composition,source and seasonal variation of total particulate organic carbon in the Yellow River so far,studies on molecular biomarkers at different spatial and temporal scales are still scarce.In this study,we focus on the molecular and hydrogen isotopic properties of leaf wax n-alkanes among different types of samples which obtained from different seasons(flood vs.non-flood)along the lower Yellow River.The molecular distribution of n-alkanes show that the riparian topsoils are subject to inputs from the overlying vegetation,while the suspended sediments from the flood season are characterized by the mixing of soil materials which originate from various stratigraphy with different ages on the Chinese Loess Plateau.Due to the contrasting hydrodynamic conditions,the n-alkanes in suspended sediments also show distinct molecular composition between flood and non-flood seasons.Additionally,considering the effect of climatic factors,the proportion of monocots in flood-season suspended sediments is calculated from a semi-quantitative perspective using δ2Hwax.Our findings may bring to light new considerations for the interpretation of leaf wax proxies in studies of organic matter sources of Yellow River.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据
    • 维普

    Erosion-induced recovery CO2 sink offset the horizontal soil organic carbon removal at the basin scale

    Lingxia WANGXiaodong NIEJiaqi LIYaojun LIU...
    2019-2033页
    查看更多>>摘要：To improve soil carbon sequestration capacity,the full soil carbon cycle process needs to be understood and quantified.It is essential to evaluate whether water erosion acts as a net source or sink of atmospheric CO2 at the basin scale,which encompasses the entire hydrological process.This study introduced an approach that combined a spatially distributed sediment delivery model and biogeochemical model to estimate the lateral and vertical carbon fluxes by water erosion at the basin scale.Applying this coupling model to the Dongting Lake Basin,the results showed that the annual average amount of soil erosion during 1980-2020 was 1.33× 108t,displaying a decreasing trend followed by a slight increase.Only 12％of the soil organic carbon displacement was ultimately lost in the riverine systems,and the rest was deposited downhill within the basin.The average lateral soil organic carbon loss induced by erosion was 8.86× 1011 g C in 1980 and 1.50×1011 g C in 2020,with a decline rate of 83％.A net land sink for atmospheric CO2 of 5.54×1011 gCa 1 occurred during erosion,primarily through sediment burial and dynamic replacement.However,ecological restoration projects and tillage practice policies are still sig-nificant in reducing erosion,which could improve the capacity of the carbon sink for recovery beyond the rate of horizontal carbon removal.Moreover,our model enables the spatial explicit simulation of erosion-induced carbon fluxes using cost-effective and easily accessible input data across large spatial scales and long timeframes.Consequently,it offers a valuable tool for predicting the interactions between carbon dynamics,land use changes,and future climate.
      原文链接:
    • 万方数据