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中国科学:地球科学（英文版）
中国科学:地球科学（英文版）

周光召

月刊

1674-7313

sales@scichina.org

010-64019820

100717

北京东黄城根北街16号

中国科学:地球科学（英文版）/Journal Science China(Earth Sciences)CSCDEISCI
查看更多>>《中国科学》是中国科学院主办、中国科学杂志社出版的自然科学专业性学术刊物。《中国科学》任务是反映中国自然科学各学科中的最新科研成果，以促进国内外的学术交流。《中国科学》以论文形式报道中国基础研究和应用研究方面具有创造性的、高水平的和有重要意义的科研成果。在国际学术界，《中国科学》作为代表中国最高水平的学术刊物也受到高度重视。国际上最具有权威的检索刊物SCI，多年来一直收录《中国科学》的论文。1999年《中国科学》夺得国家期刊奖的第一名。
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    Initiation,organizational modes and environmental conditions of severe convective wind events during the warm season over North China

    Yue HUANGJianhua SUNYuanchun ZHANGRuoyun MA...
    2876-2894页
    查看更多>>摘要：Based on the significant weather report,CG lightning,composite radar reflectivity,and ERA5 reanalysis data,we first studied the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of four types(only severe convective wind(SCW);SCW and hail;SCW and short-duration heavy rainfall(SDHR);and SCW,hail,and SDHR)of convective weather events related to SCW during the warm season(May to September)from 2011 to 2018 in North China.Second,severe convective cases producing SCW were selected to statistically analyze the initiation,decay,lifetime,and organizational characteristics of convective systems.Finally,using ERA5 reanalysis data and conventional surface observation data,preconvective soundings were constructed to explore the differences in environmental conditions for initiating convective systems between SCW and non-SCW.The results indicate that mixed-type of SCW and SDHR events occur more frequently over plains,while other types of convective weather occur more frequently over mountains.The frequency peak of SCW occurs in June,while mixed convective weather peaks in July.The initiation time of convective systems is concentrated between 1000 and 1300 BST,with a peak at 1200 BST.Over mountains,the daily peaks of ordinary and significant SCW generally occur at 1700-1800 BST and 1600-1700 BST,respectively,while over plains,the peak of ordinary SCW typically lags behind that of mountains by 1-2 hours.Additionally,SCW systems are mainly initiated over mountains,with most lifetimes lasting 7-13 hours.Nonlinear convective systems produce the most SCW events,followed by trailing-stratiform convective systems.The convective available potential energy(CAPE),downdraft convective available potential energy,and the temperature difference between 850 and 500 hPa can all distinguish between SCW systems and non-SCW systems occurring over plains.Compared to non-SCW convective systems,SCW convective systems over mountains are more likely to occur in environments with less precipitable water,while SCW convective systems over plains are more likely to occur in environments with higher CAPE and stronger deep-layer wind shear.
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    Unveiling the secrets of diatom-mediated calcification:Implications for the biological pump

    Yiwen PANYifan LIChen-Tung Arthur CHENZong-Pei JIANG...
    2895-2909页
    查看更多>>摘要：Siliceous diatoms are one of the most prominent actors in the oceans,and they account for approximately 40％of the primary production and particulate organic carbon export flux.It is believed that changes in carbon flux caused by variations in diatom distribution can lead to significant climate shifts.Although the fundamental pathways of diatom-driven carbon se-questration have long been established,there are no reports of CaCO3 precipitation induced by marine diatom species.This manuscript introduces novel details regarding the enhancement of aragonite precipitation during photosynthesis in Skeletonema costatum in both artificial and natural seawater.Through direct measurements of cell surfaces via a pH microelectrode and zeta potential analyzer,it was determined that the diatom-mediated promotion of CaCO3 precipitation is achieved through the creation of specific microenvironments with concentrated[CO32-]and[Ca2+]and/or the dehydrating effect of adsorbed Ca2+.Based on this mechanism,it is highly plausible that diatom-mediated calcification could occur in the oceans,an assertion that was supported by the significant deviation of total alkalinity(TA)from the conservative TA-salinity mixing line during a Skeletonema costatum bloom in the East China Sea and other similar occurrences.The newly discovered calcification pathway establishes a link between particulate inorganic and organic carbon flux and thus helps in the reassessment of marine carbon export fluxes and CO2 sequestration efficiency.This discovery may have important ramifications for assessing marine carbon cycling and predicting the potential effects of future ocean acidification.
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    The δ15N values of foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and common millet(Panicum miliaceum)are reliable indicators of manuring practices

    Jishuai YANGXiaoyan YANGTing YOUFahu CHEN...
    2910-2923页
    查看更多>>摘要：Millet agriculture,which originated in northern China,alongside rice agriculture,have nurtured the Chinese civilization.Prehistoric manuring practices likely promoted and maintained sustainable millet agricultural production in the loess area of northern China.However,ongoing controversy exists regarding the indicators of prehistoric manuring intensity of foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and common millet(Panicum miliaceum).Here,we present the results of pot and field fertilization experiments on two millet types.Our findings suggest that manuring can significantly increase the δ15N values of foxtail millet,and its δ15N values increase with increasing manuring levels.The δ15N values of foxtail millet leaves are systematically greater than those of grains by approximately 1.6‰.Manuring could have a long-term residual impact on increasing the δ15N values of soil and millet crops.Combined with previous crop fertilization experiment results,we propose that the impact of manuring on the δ15N values of non-nitrogen-fixing crops is roughly consistent.The δ15N value and amount of manure are key factors determining the extent of change in plant δ15N values.The millet grain δ15N values can serve as reliable indicators of manuring practices.Finally,we provide an interpretive framework for assessing the correlation between manuring levels and the δ15N values of archaeological millet remains.The δ15N values of ancient millet grains suggest widespread and intensive manuring practices in prehistoric millet agriculture in northern China,spanning from the early Yangshao period to the Longshan period.
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    Elevation of basal lacustrine sediments along the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its implications for the reconstruction of Holocene water levels

    Shuchun YAOChunhai LIBin XUE
    2924-2936页
    查看更多>>摘要：The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,a primary region for freshwater lakes in China,have undergone significant transformations throughout the Holocene.These changes,driven by factors such as sea-level rise,climate change,and human activities,have led to the progressive elevation of water levels in this area.As a result,a floodplain has emerged,characterized by the formation of numerous shallow lakes along the river course.However,the pattern of water-level changes in the main channel of the Yangtze River during the Holocene remains unclear.This gap in knowledge poses challenges for understanding sediment transport dynamics,the interactions between the river and its adjacent lakes,and the prevention and control of flood disasters in the Yangtze River basin.To shed light on these issues,our study compiled data on the surface elevation and water depth of 81 lakes in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin.Additionally,we analyzed historical water-level records from the 1900s to the 1970s at eight gauging stations from Shashi to Jiangyin along the river's main stream.Our findings reveal that,particularly along the Jingjiang section,the basal elevation of most lakes is lower than the Yangtze River's water level during the dry season.Conversely,the water level of the main stream exceeds that of both the floodplain and the lakes enclosed by the Jingjiang embankment.In the tidal reach,especially within the Taihu Lake basin,the basal elevation of lakes typically falls below sea level.Meanwhile,lakes located along the section from Chenglingji to Wuhu exhibit basal elevations that correspond with the Yangtze River's annual average and dry season water levels.Given the widespread presence of lakes along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,our study introduces a new proxy for reconstructing the mean water level of the mid-lower Yangtze River in the Holocene.By analyzing sediments from Nanyi Lake and Chenyao Lake in the lower Yangtze River,we attempted to reconstruct the water level of the Yangtze River's main channel since 8 ka BP.
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    Vegetation changes across the Eocene-Oligocene transition:Global signals vs.regional development

    Mengxiao WULutz KUNZMANNShufeng LIVasilis TEODORIDIS...
    2937-2952页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Eocene-Oligocene transition(EOT)marked a rapid global cooling event,often considered as the beginning of the modem icehouse world.Influenced by various factors,including tectonic activity and paleogeographic settings,the terrestrial records indicate a diverse response of fauna and vegetation to this global event.We examined nine macrofossil assemblages from seven fossil localities on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and from the mid-latitudinal Europe ranging from the latest Bartonian and Priabonian(37.71-33.9 Ma)to the Rupelian(33.9-27.82 Ma).Our aims were to trace and compare the vegetation history of both regions in the late Eocene and early Oligocene.The results show that both regions experienced changes in vegetation composition in response to climate change,characterized by a decrease in the percentages of broad-leaved evergreen elements and distinctive changes in general vegetation types.A general change in the overall vegetation type from subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forests in the late Eocene to temperate broad-leaved mixed deciduous evergreen forests,or mixed mesophytic forests,in the early Oligocene is recognized in both regions.The results indicate a clear change in leaf architecture,leaf margin states,and secondary venation types in the mid-latitudinal Europe,while the results from the south-eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau show a distinct reduction in leaf size.Our data suggest that both global and regional factors played key roles in shaping the vegetation in the two regions.
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    Spatially explicit reconstruction of cropland cover in Europe from AD 1800 to 2000

    Jun LIYu YEXiuqi FANGDiyang ZHANG...
    2953-2971页
    查看更多>>摘要：One of the challenges in global change research is the significant uncertainty in global historical land use and land cover(LUCC)datasets,which are widely used as foundational data.In addition to the regional cropland area reconstructions,improving the grid allocation method is another feasible way to raise the reliability of historical LUCC data.In this study,an integrated reconstruction of the national cropland areas over the past 200 years was developed for 36 European countries.After that,the allocation algorithm was built using physiogeographic variables and historical city sites for accounting for land suitability and cultivation preferences,respectively.Finally,cropland data in Europe with a spatial resolution of 5'×5'at five time sections from AD 1800 to 2000 were generated using the optimal allocation algorithm in accordance with the stages of the regional history.The results were as follows:(1)The dominant factors governing the distribution of croplands in Europe vary at different agricultural stages,but the results can be merged together.Land suitability was more optimal for allocation during the modem agricultural stage(AD 1950 and 2000);the priority index combined with land suitability and cultivation preference was more reasonable for allocation during the traditional agricultural stage(AD 1800).The average of the allocations by priority index and the land suitability could be adopted as the allocation results during the transitional stage(AD 1850 and 1900)because the grids for absolute differences within±10 and±20 percentage points between the results obtained from the above two allocations were above 80％and 95％,respectively,which means the two allocation results could be merged.(2)Over the past 200 years,the total cropland area in Europe first increased to a peak in AD 1900 and then decreased.Spatially,the centre of the higher cropland fraction shifted from the western part of Europe in AD 1800 to the eastern part of the continent after AD 1950.(3)Both the cropland area and the spatial distribution in this study are more reasonable than the global dataset HYDE3.2.
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    Stable hydrogen isoscape in precipitation generated using data fusion for East China

    Jiacheng CHENJie CHENXunchang John ZHANGPeiyi PENG...
    2972-2988页
    查看更多>>摘要：The stable hydrogen isotope in precipitation is an effective environmental tracer for climatic and hydrologic studies.However,accurate and high-precision precipitation hydrogen isoscapes are currently unavailable in China.In this study,a data fusion method based on Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)is used to fuse the hydrogen isotopic composition(δ2Hp)of observations and isotope-equipped general circulation model(iGCM)simulations.A precipitation hydrogen isoscape with a temporal resolution of monthly and a spatial resolution of 50-60 km is established for East China for the 1969-2017 period.Prior to building the isoscape,the performance of three data fusion methods(DFMs)and two bias correction methods(BCMs)is compared.The results indicate that the CNN fusion method performs the best with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.90 and root mean square error smaller than 10.5‰ when using observation as a benchmark.The fusion methods based on back propagation and long short-term memory neural network perform similarly,while slightly outperforming the bias correction methods.Thus,the CNN method is used to generate the hydrogen isoscape,and the temporal and spatial distribution char-acteristics of the hydrogen isotope in precipitation are analyzed based on this dataset.The generated isoscape shows similar spatial and temporal distribution characteristics to observations.In general,the distribution pattern of δ2Hp is consistent with the temperature effect in northern China,and consistent with the precipitation amount effect in southern China.The trend of the δ2Hp time series is consistent with that of observed precipitation and temperature.Overall,the generated isoscape effectively re-produces the observations,and has the characteristics of time continuity and relative spatial regularity,which can provide valuable data support for tracking atmospheric and hydrological processes.
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    Grading of products utilizing bamboo as a substitute for plastic based on environmental effects

    Meng ZHANGGuomo ZHOULei GUWenshuo WANG...
    2989-2998页
    查看更多>>摘要：To achieve sustainable development goals,mitigate plastic pollution,and promote eco-friendly products,it is crucial to identify key products in the bamboo as a substitute for plastic(BSP)industry and assess their environmental effects.This study proposed a novel evaluation method for the environmental effect of bamboo as a substitute for plastic(EBSP).It focused on the contributions of BSP products in reducing plastic pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.We established a set of EBSP evaluation indicators and developed a grading model,evaluating 30 typical BSP products across six categories.The results showed that the EBSP evaluation model,based on the emission reduction rate of substitution(ERRS),substitution rate of material(SRM),and product renewal ratio(PRR),can accurately quantify the environmental benefits of BSP products.This model has successfully facilitated precise quantification of the EBSP and established a rational and effective grading system for BSP products.The results also demonstrated that the average EBSP ranking across the six categories of BSP products,in descending order,is:disposable bamboo products,bamboo household goods,bamboo packaging products,bamboo engineering materials,bamboo furniture products,and bamboo craft products.Specifically,disposable bamboo products scored an EBSP 1.96 times the overall average,indicating significant environmental benefits.The PRR emerged as a critical factor influencing EBSP.Among BSP products with the same lifespan,those with higher substitution emission reduction efficiency offered more pronounced environmental benefits.Ultimately,the BSP industry should strategically prioritize disposable bamboo products,such as bamboo toothbrushes,cutlery,and lunch boxes.These products should be the primary focus of policy support and central to efforts in product development,design innovation,and market promotion.
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    A justice and innovative way ahead of consumption-based emission accounting approach

    Qun SHENHongbo DUANYun TANGLinbing TANG...
    2999-3010页
    查看更多>>摘要：Carbon emission accounting is an important basis for global climate governance.Based on the consumption-based accounting(CBA)method,the characteristics of carbon flow between national,regional,and product processes could be more clearly reflected.Therefore,CBA is more conducive to clarifying the attribution of responsibilities between producers and consumers,with the principles of fairness and justice.By accounting for carbon emissions in typical countries from 1990 to 2019,we found that the CBA emissions are higher than the production-based accounting(PBA)emissions in major developed countries,while the results are reversed for developing countries.In the past 30 years,the CBA emissions in targeted developed countries generally have shown a downward trend,while in developing countries,they have shown an upward trend.CBA emissions in China have shown a continuous growth trend from 1990 to 2019,but the pace has slowed down significantly over the last decade.Meanwhile,the embodied carbon intensity of China's exports continues to decline,indicating that China is providing more green and low-carbon products to the world.Taking the PV industry as an example,this study further reveals the contribution of specific product industries to the country's carbon transfer through product carbon footprint analysis.In order to provide a scientific basis for global mitigation and climate governance,it is urgent to innovate a scientific,practical,and standardized CBA technology system.
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    The trajectory of rice from wild to domesticated:A new chapter in the study of origins of agriculture

    Zhijun ZHAO
    3011-3012页
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