photocatalytic CO2 reductiondirect Z-scheme het-erojunctioninternal interfacial electric fieldTiO2 nanosheetsAgVO3 quantum dots
CO2 photoreductionS-scheme heterojunctiontri-phase interfaceseparation of charge carriersco-adsorption of CO2 and H2O
MOFs polymorphismphase-junctionsphoto-catalytic CO2 reduction
hydrogen-bonded organic frameworksCO2 photo-reductionpore space partitioning strategy
Pt/C catalystfuel celloxygen reduction reactionPt utilizationhigh-temperature annealing
molecular electrophilicityCu catalystsproton transferCO2 electroreductionC1/C2 selectivity
hydrogen oxidation reactionPt-based electrocatalystCO tolerantfuel cellcatalyst design
electrocatalytic NORRammonia synthesiselectro-catalysisCuO nanosheets
GDYcobalt-based sulfidesMOF-derived Co3S4electrocatalysisOER
heterostructurehydrogen evolution reactionsin-terface engineeringall-pH rangesynergy effect